Muscles, artificial polymer-metal composite structure

Shahinpoor, M., Bar-Cohen, Y., Simpson, J. O. and Smith, J. (1998). Ionic polymer-metal composites (ipmcs) as biomimetic sensors, actuators and artificial muscles - a review. Smart Materials and Structures 7, 6, p. R15. 

Shahinpoor, M. and Kim, K. J. (2000). The effect of surface-electrode resistance on the performance of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) artificial muscles, Smart Materials and Structures 9, pp. 543-551. 

Fig. 9 Structure of the actuator model. Reproduced from Development of an artificial muscle linear actuator using ionic polymer-metal composites. Yamakita M, Kamamichi N, Kaneda Y, Asaka K, Luo ZW, Advanced Robotics, 2004, Taylor Francis Ltd, reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor Francis Ltd, www.tandfonline.com)...

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