Artificial organs kidney

This chapter will review current activities and proposed research related to the development of artificial organs and organ-assist devices. While we will focus on the human liver, the discussion is applicable to other organs. The pancreas and the endocrine functions of the kidney follow the same basic path — the culturing of cells on a scaffold. The cells, of course, must function as they do in a natural uncompromised slate while the scaffold provides a permanent or temporary template on which the cells attach and proliferate. 

Bourgoignie JJ. Renal complications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Kidney international. 1990 Jun 37(6) 1571-84. RaoTK, Friedman EA. Renal syndromes in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) lessons learned from analysis over 5 years. Artificial organs. 1988 Jun l 2(3) 206-9. 

Below, we will refer to two typical cases of MBR application in artificial organ engineering the bioartificial kidney and bioartifidal liver. It should be noted that the clinical impact of the artifidal kidney and liver is quite different. The artificial kidney, in its hollow-fiber modules form, is the most employed hemopurification device. The therapy for chronic renal failure concerns hundreds of thousands of patients all over the dvilized world, making the artificial kidney one of the most diffused biomedical devices on... 

One day, it may be possible to print out artificial organs using a three-dimensional printer. Layer by layer, cells would be deposited onto a glass slide, building up specialized tissues that could be used to replace damaged kidneys, livers, and other organs. 

Biomedical and Devices, artificial organs, sutures. Kidneys and artificial limbs. 

In 1944, KolfF et al. [8] demonstrated the first successful artificial kidney. Since then, the use of membranes in artificial organs has become a major life-saving procedure. Membrane systems are competitive with conventional biological treatment in terms of price and cost. 

Biomedical engineering. Chemical engineering principles have been used to model the processes of the human body as well as to develop artificial organs, such as the kidney, heart, and lungs. 

The PVA hydrogels have been used for a number of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, due to its advantages such as nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, and bioadhesive characteristics with the ease of processing. In addition to blood contact, artilicial kidney, and drug delivery applications (39-41), PVA show potential applications for soft tissue replacements (42), articular cartilage (43), artificial organs (44), and membranes (45). 

Extracorporeal artificial organs provide mass-transfer operations to support failing or impaired organ systems [126]. Common examples include kidney substitute, hemodialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), apheresis therapy, peritoneal dialysis, lung substitute and assist, and plasma separation. A critical component involved in the extracorporeal artificial organ is the membrane, which serves to separate the undesired substance from the blood or plasma. Ideally, materials used as the membrane in these particular applications should have appropriate cellular and molecular permeability, as well as blood compatibility (i.e., hemocompatibility). Over the years, both natural and synthetic polymers have been used as membrane materials. 

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