Arterial blood

Arteriolar and venous tone (smooth muscle tension) both play a role in determining myocardial wall stress (Table 12-1). Arteriolar tone directly controls peripheral vascular resistance and thus arterial blood pressure. In systole, intraventricular pressure must exceed aortic pressure to eject blood arterial blood pressure thus determines the systolic wall stress in an important way. Venous tone determines the capacity of the venous circulation and controls the amount of blood sequestered in the venous system versus the amount returned to the heart. Venous tone thereby determines the diastolic wall stress. 

Q6 The respiratory system compensates for alkalosis by retaining C02. The central chemoreceptors in the medullary respiratory centres respond to the reduced H+ by decreasing alveolar ventilation, which will increase blood arterial PC02 and return the pH to normal (7.4). 

Blood for analysis may be obtained from veins, arteries, or capillaries. Venous blood is usually the specimen of choice, and venipuncture is the method for obtaining this speci-men. In young children and for many point-of-care tests, skin puncture is frequently used to obtain what is mostly capillary blood arterial puncture is used mainly for blood gas analyses. 

Blood arterial pH - decreased (acidosis) Blood arterial p02 - decreased (hypoxia) Blood arterial pC02 - increased Blood liver enzymes - increased... 

Blood arterial pH - increased Blood cholinesterase - decreased Blood creatine kinase (CK) - increased Blood amylase - increased Blood glucose - increased Blood WBC - increased (leukocytosis)... 

Blood arterial pC02 - decreased Blood BNP - increased [7]... 

Macroscopic vessels represent only a small fraction of the circulatory system. Approximately lO blood vessels are the capillaries whose diameters are comparable with the dimensions of the red blood cells, i.e., 5-10 p,m [18]. In the smallest capillaries with diameters 10 m, where the pressure drops to 1 kPa, blood flow represents a composite system with sharp interface between liquid and solid phases. In this spatial scale, the red blood cells (RBC) describe the phase volume with distinct elastic properties. In contrast to the macroscale, at the microscopic scale blood flow can be viewed at as the collective motion of an ensemble of microscopically interacting discrete particles. Unlike in large blood arteries, in the blood capillaries the wall consists of a layer of endothelial cells [18] responding to the shear flow. 

In order to confirm the cardioprotective and beneficial effects of this novel fish for humans, future research is required by using in vino the biologically active compounds of the novel fish with experimental animals and to examine which compounds inhibit the formation of atheromatic plaque in blood arteries. 

Blood vessels either delivering oxygenated blood - arteries, arterioles, capillaries or returning with carbon dioxide -veins and venules, display highly nonlinear elastic and anisotropic mechanical behavior and exhibit complex material properties [1,2],... 

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