Artefacts historic

There is considerable debate on the present condition of the Colli Albani volcano. As mentioned earlier, shallow seismicity has been repeatedly registered. Moreover, historical documents from Roman authors (e.g. Titus Livius, Pliny the Elder, etc.) report on phenomena, such as rain of stones, sudden explosions and fires, which can be ascribed to volcanic eruptions. Moreover, findings of pre-Roman pottery and other human artefacts beneath pyroclastic products are considered as an evidence of a volcanic activity which is much younger than the latest dated rock (see Voltaggio and Barbieri 1995 and references therein). Therefore, based on archaeological and historical records and on seismicity, the volcano is now considered in a quiescent state (Montone et al. 1995 Voltaggio and Barbieri 1995 and references therein). 

From these historical reports, it is also possible to conclude that the Schlieren effect in flow analysis is a consequence of the combined effects of two components, namely deflection of the beam of radiation by transient (A) and/or relatively steady (B) optical artefacts [3]. 

In this chapter, we will describe the make-up of just three textile materials, all natural fibres, and will further present the mechanisms of degradation of their principal components. Our selection of two of them is somewhat indulgent as they are each the focus of current research projects. However, since all three compose the fabric of key historic textiles which were recently the subjects of commissions completed by Conservation Services at the Textile Conservation Centre, our choice was all the more easily made. Here we are keen to place the science in context, and so use these artefacts to introduce the fibres and their chemistry of ageing through a conservation science perspective. 

We began this chapter by suggesting that a conservation scientist would need a thorough appreciation of the underlying science to best advise on the longterm preservation of historic artefacts like the Victory sail, Shackleton s ensign and the Jesse tapestry. In the associated investigation carried out to support... 

Archaeology is a science dealing mainly with the reconstruction of past events by the mean of a cautious credentials and artefacts collection. Historical archaeologists usually encounter... 

These results based on comparison of FTIR-VAR spectra about origin of amber artefacts were clarified and confirmed by other non-destructive analysis (Raman, statistical analysis) and supported by historical context, in some cases. In other cases, the assignment of samples to Baltic amber or local (Romanian) amber contributed to understanding of archaeological (historical) context. 

An important part of the world s cultural heritage is represented by stone monuments. This enormous artistio legacy includes historical and modem buildings as well as decorative stone stmctures, individual monuments and an arr of monuments constmcted with dimension stones or earved from bedroek, such as sculptures and/or artefacts of different size and shape. Many stone types have been used for eonstracting monuments. Due to their... 

Other application areas of non-destmctive /uXRF are in forensic science (spectral fingerprint), microelectronics (uniformity of deposited films - thickness and composition), and in art and archaeology (especially using handheld equipment). Historic iron gall inks used in handwritten manuscripts by Bach, Mozart and Goethe were characterised by /U.XRF [759]. The technique has developed into a significant analytical tool for authentication studies of artefacts. 

The authors debated extensively the rationale for including particular compounds or terms and the reader deserves some explanation of reasons behind the choices that were made. In practice the broad criteria used were that the compound or term should have been mentioned in historical documents in a paint context, or in research papers dealing with the analysis of artefacts. Additionally, specific compounds with a clear relationship to these were added under the following circumstances ... 

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