Arsenic environmental contamination

Conduct exploratory and engineering activities in the methods and technology of manufacture as applied to assigned commodities and their components, materials and ancillary equipment except projectile metal parts which are the responsibility of Frank ford Arsenal, and specified elements of chemical items which are the re-sponsibility of Edge wood Arsenal. This is to include support of plant/facilities modernization within ARMCOM, abatement of environmental contamination caused by manufacturing processes and exploitation of automation techniques... 

Interaction effects of arsenic with other carcinogens, cocarcinogens, promoting agents, inhibitors, and common environmental contaminants... 

Arsenic is an ancient and well-known hazard and, along with lead and mercury, is an important environmental contaminant. The inorganic form is far more toxic than organic arsenic, which is commonly found in seafood. Arsenic-contaminated drinking water is a worldwide problem that affects millions of people. Human exposure also occurs from arsenic-treated lumber. 

In several wood-preserving facilities, other wood preservatives such as creosote and chromate-copper—arsenate (CCA) have been used in addition to PCP (e.g., Lamar Glaser, 1994 Mueller et al., 1991a Mahaffey et al., 1991). Environmental contamination by chemical mixtures is likely in these sites. When PCP has been dissolved in an organic carrier such as oil, soil is also contaminated with the solvent (Trudell et al., 1994 Lamar Dietrich, 1990). Chlorinated dimeric impurities in technical CP formulations are also found in contaminated soil. Design of successful bioremediation must address the effects of other chemicals on CP biodegradation. 

Filippi, M., GolidS, V. and Pertold, Z. (2004) Arsenic in contaminated soils and anthropogenic deposits at the Mokrsko, Roudny, and KaSperske Hory gold deposits, Bohemian Massif (CZ). Environmental Geology, 45(5), 716-30. 

Odanaka, Y., Matano, O. and Goto, S. (1980) Biomethylation of inorganic arsenic by the rat and some laboratory animals. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 24(3), 452-59. 

Yamauchi, H. and Yamamura, Y. (1983) Concentration and chemical species of arsenic in human tissue. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 31(3), 267-77. 

Chakraborti, D., Mukherjee, S.C., Pati, S. et al. (2003) Arsenic groundwater contamination in middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India A future danger Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1194-201. 

Romero, M.A., Amrienta, M.A. and Carrilo-Chavez, A. (2004) Arsenic sorption by carbonate-rich aquifer material, a control on arsenic mobility at Zimpian, Mexico. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 47, 1-13. 

Boccelli, D.L., Small, M.J. and Dzombak, D.A. (2005) Enhanced coagulation for satisfying the arsenic maximum contaminant level under variable and uncertain conditions. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(17), 6501-7. 

Aside from oxygen and the activated oxygen species,there are several other oxidants that cause abiotic oxidation reactions involving environmental contaminants. In engineered systems, these include chlorine (49), chlorine dioxide (50-52), permanganate (53, 54) and ferrate (55, 56). At highly contaminated sites, anthropogenic oxidants such as chromate, arsenate, and selenate may react with co-contaminants such as phenols (57, 58). 

WP/F is manufactured in the Pine Bluff Arsenal in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Molten white phosphorus stored under water is loaded in munitions shells either by the dip-fill or dry-fill methods (Berkowitz et al. 1981). In the dip-fill method, the shell canisters containing the felt wedges are passed through tubs of molten phosphorus under water. In the dry fill method, molten phosphorus is added directly to the canister under an inert atmosphere. The latter method greatly reduces phosphorus waste (phossy water) and environmental contamination (Spanggord et al. 1983). 

Mercury and lead are two of the most prominent metallic environmental contaminants today. Although there have been continued elforts to prevent distribution of these metals and to clean up sources of contamination, they are still serious problems. Other metals and semimetals, such as arsenic, also cause significant health effects. Some of them are described here. 

Garelick, Hemda, Huw Jones, Agnieszka Dybowska, and Eugenia Valsami Jones. Arsenic Pollution Sources. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 197 (2008) 17 60. 

For many years, botanical insecticides have been a mainstay in the arsenal of organic pest control products. As a group, botanicals share one advantage over synthetic chemical pesticides They usually break down within a few days after they are applied. This means that beneficial species are at risk for only a relatively short period. There s also less likelihood of long-term environmental contamination. Plus, botanicals are less likely to persist os residues on harvested food. 

Since the 1970s, hair has been analyzed for trace metals for purposes of assessing nutritional status. However, (1) lack of standardized procedures (collection, preparation, and analysis), (2) lack of reference limits, and (3) problems due to environmental contamination have limited the success of hair analysis for this purpose. However, the analysis of lead, arsenic, and mercury in hair is an established and accepted method of assessing prior toxic exposure to these metals (see Chapter 35). 

In the Asian region, in the case of environmental contamination of various media by heavy metals, it is the element itself which is toxic (see Chapter 11) however the element speciation is very important for some metals, including mercury, lead, and especially arsenic. Organometallic compounds are often of greatly different toxicity than simple inorganic ions, and mercury and lead are the typical examples (see Sections 4 and 5). The opposite situation exists for arsenic, which enters the environment... 

As a result of the recent concern with environmental contamination, L the need to quantitatively measure trace concentrations of arsenic in petroleum and related materials has taken on new and important emphasis. The concentration of arsenic in crudes can approach the low part-per-million level, but more typically it is in the nanogram/gram (part-per-billion) range. Although several sophisticated methods are applicable at the part-per-billion level, a need has existed for a method that could be carried out in a typical petroleum laboratory. 

C. Widespread Environmental Contamination with Arsenic Began... 

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