Arsenic electron donors

Arsenite is also an intermediate in the fungal biomethylation of arsenic (Bentley and Chasteen 2002) and oxidation to the less toxic arsenate can be accomplished by heterotrophic bacteria including Alcaligenes faecalis. Exceptionally, arsenite can serve as electron donor for chemolithotrophic growth of an organism designated NT-26 (Santini et al. 2000), and both selenate and arsenate can be involved in dissimilation reactions as alternative electron acceptors. 

Table 3 Geometric parameters for halogen bonded complexes with arsenic and selenium electron donors... 

Chrysiogenes arsenatis is the only known organism capable of using acetate as the electron donor and arsenate as the terminal electron acceptor for growth. This reduction of arsenate to arsenite is catalyzed by an inducible respiratory arsenate reductase, which has been isolated and characterized by Kraft and Macy (1998). Arsenate reductase (Arr) from C. arsenatis is a... 

Once germanium is recovered and formed into blocks, it is further refined by the manufacturer of semiconductors. It is melted, and the small amounts of impurities such as arsenic, gallium, or antimony, are added. They act as either electron donors or acceptors that are infused (doped) into the mix. Then small amounts of the molten material are removed and used to grow crystals of germanium that are formed into semiconducting transistors on a germanium chip. The device can now carry variable amounts of electricity because it can act as both an insulator and a conductor of electrons, which is the basis of modern computers. 

Is there an analogous situation in semiconductors If one adds an electron donor (say, arsenic) to an intrinsic semiconductor (say, germanium), then the ionization of arsenic... 

A typical structure of these so called triple-decker sandwich complexes is that of the complex [(p3)Ni -(j)3-P3) Ni(p3)](BPh4)2-2.5Me2CO (73). In each complex the trihapto P3 (or trihapto As3) groups form a bridge between the two Ni(p3) residues.292 Each nickel atom is thus six-coordinated by three phosphorus atoms from the ligand p3 and by three phosphorus atoms from the cyclo-P3 (or arsenic atoms from the cyclo-As ), which acts as a three-electron-donor ligand. 

POLYACETYLENE. A linear polymer of acetylene having alternate single and double bonds, developed in 1978. It is electrically conductive, but this property can be varied in either direction by appropriate doping either with electron acceptors (arsenic pentaflnoride or a halogen) or with electron donors (lithium, sodium). Thus, it can be made to have a wide range of conductivity from insulators to n- or >-type semiconductors to strongly conductive forms, Polyacetylene can be made in both cis and trans modifications in the form of fibers and thin films, the conductivity... 

Redox reactions in soils are affected by a number of parameters, including temperature, pH (see Chapter 7), and microbes. Microbes catalyze many redox reactions in soils and use a variety of compounds as electron acceptors or electron donors. For example, aerobic heterotrophic soil bacteria may metabolize readily available organic carbon using NO3, NOj, N20, Mn-oxides, Fe-oxides and compounds such as arsenate (As04 ) and selenate (Se04 ) as electron acceptors. Similarly, microbes may use reduced compounds or ions as electron donors, for example, NH4, Mn2+, Fe2+, arsenite (AsCXj), and selenite (SeO ). 

Chapter 2 considers the removal of inorganic water contaminants using photocatalysis. Metal cations react via one-electron steps first leading to unstable chemical intermediates, and later to stable species. Three possible mechanisms are identified (a) direct reduction via photo-generated conduction band electrons, (b) indirect reduction by intermediates generated from electron donors, and (c) oxidative removal by electron holes or hydroxyl radicals. The provided examples show the significance of these mechanisms for the removal of water contaminants such as chromium, mercury, lead, uranium, and arsenic. 

Arsenic-containing heterocyclic derivatives are multifunctional ligands. For example, arsole can form several types of complexes (a) one involving the lone electron pair on As (156), (b) as a two-electron donor to one metal atom and, at the same time, as a one-electron donor to the other transition element (157), (c) as a four-electron ligand of the 7t-butadiene type due to the presence of two double C=C bonds (158), and (d) as a five-electron elementacyclopentadienyl ligand (159-162). Each of these types of compounds have been characterized by mass spectrometry (Tables 9 and 10). Unfortunately a detailed discussion of their mass spectral behaviour is unavailable. 

Silicon for semiconductor components must be doped with well-defined quantities of electron donors (phosphorus, arsenic or antimony) or electron donors (boron). This can be achieved by addition before pulling from a crucible, during zone melting (introduction of PH ) or by conversion of silicon into phosphorus by thermoneutron bombardment. 

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