Aqueous inorganic anions

Phenyldiazonium chloride and other similar diazonium compounds are very soluble in water, are completely insoluble in ether and other organic solvents, and are completely dissociated in aqueous solution to organic cations and inorganic anions (e.g., chloride ions) a convenient formulation is therefore, for example, CjHjNj+CP. 

Both IC and CE are separation techniques used to examine aqueous samples for anions, cations and trace levels of organic acids. CE produces separations by a different mechanism than IC, and produces sharper peaks. Therefore, CE can easily perform some separations that are difficult by IC. The determination of inorganic anions by IC and CE was compared [841],... 

The interlayer space of LDHs can be expanded to some extent in a suitable solvent medium, which favors the ion exchange process. An aqueous medium, for example, favors the exchange by inorganic anions, whilst an organic solvent favors exchange by organic anions [14]. 

Table 4.15 gives the equilibrium constants (for extraction, amine) for this reaction with trioctylamine in various solvents. Although the ion pairs are only slightly soluble in water, they can exchange the anion L with other anions, X, in the aqueous phase. (Note that we use L to indicate any anion, while X is used for (an alternative) inorganic anion.)... 

In order to prevent interference with such inorganic anions as fluoride, chloride, and nitrate which occurs with Na2C03/NaHC03 eluents, a weak aqueous eluent, i.e., Na2Bi+0y, was used to achieve adequate separation. The detection limit in such an ion chromatographic analysis is limited by the conductance of the suppressed eluents, but the development of ion chromatography exclusion (ICE),... 

Manifestations of nuclei tunneling in chemical reactions in gaseous, liquid, and solid phases are consecutively considered in Sects. 4.2-4.5. Also discussed in this chapter are (1) manifestations of nuclear tunneling in the vibrational spectra of ammonia-type molecules (Sect. 4.6), (2) electron tunneling in gas-phase chemical reactions of atom transfer (the so-called "harpoon reactions, Sect. 4.2), and (3) tunneling of hydrated electrons in the reactions of their recombination with some inorganic anions in aqueous solutions (Sect. 4.4). 

There are also certain data on electron tunneling in electron transfer reactions in liquids. The ideas about electron tunneling have been used by Anbar and Hart [75] to interpret the anomalously large rate constants for the diffusion controlled reactions of hydrated electrons with some inorganic anions in aqueous solution. Table 5 represents the data on the largest values of the rate constants, ke, observed for the reactions of eaq with various inorganic anions and cations. Theoretical diffusion rate constants, kA, for... 

Pedersen and Frensdorff studied the binding and extraction of the cation by crown ethers, which require coextraction of an anion. Without the presence of an anion host, solvation directs selectivity, giving rise to Hofmeister bias selectivity favoring low anion charge density. Anions initially in aqueous solution must be dehydrated (at least partially) and are then resolvated in the solvent phase. Empirically, the HBD ability of the solvent medium is the single most important determinant of the solvation of small, inorganic anions.100... 

The above results show that conventional HPLC can be used with UV detection for the determination of inorganic anions, namely 103, N02-, Br-, N03 and I" with a cationic micellar mobile phase. One of the attractive features of this procedure is the ability to control retention by control of the concentration of aqueous micellar hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride rather than by the use of organic modifiers. 

Otto S, Kubik S (2003) Dynamic combinatorial optimization of a neutral receptor that binds inorganic anions in aqueous solution. J Am Chem Soc 125 7804—7805... 

A first order dependence of the rate on the quinoline concentration Is observed, as compared with a second order dependence In a similar benzene In water mlcroemulslon. The nature of the oil also has a significant effect on the electrochemical reduction of Cu(II), the half-wave potentlal(E2/2) being about 0.9 volts more negative In the mineral oil mlcroemulslon. The addition of quinoline causes a positive shift In Ej /2 which Is a-scrlbed to the formation of a four coordinate Cu(I) complex. Although aqueous Inorganic Ions are normally repelled by a microdroplet Interface of the same charge, It Is found that cadmlum(II) Ion Is bound to a droplet stabilized by the cationic surfactant cetyltrlmethyl ammonium bromide. This behavior Is Interpreted as arising from the formation of anionic species such as CdBr In the Stern layer. 

Mbuna, J. et al. Capillary zone electrophoretic studies of ion association between inorganic anions and tetraalkylammonium ions in aqueous dioxane media. J. Chromatogr. A. 2005, 1069, 261-270. 

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