Appropriations, military

ON APPROPRIATE MILITARY INSTALLATIONS INVOLVING NO HAZARDS TO GENERAL POPULATION OR POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENT. 

Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer and Arnold Eucken, met similar resistance. The Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defense wanted application-oriented, military research to continue at the Institute until an appropriate military institute could be established. Hence, as far as the two Ministries were concerned, Thiessen was a far more suitable Director than the lauded scientists proposed by the KWG. While this debate unfolded between the ministries and the KWG, Thiessen was promoted to an academic post adequate for a KWG director. After he had failed to find a position in Freiburg or Frankfurt, Thiessen was offered the post of Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemistry Institute at Munster in March of 1935, succeeding Rudolf Schenck. Though his appointment was confirmed by the Ministry of Education on 1 April 1935, Thiessen never occupied the post. On 20 May 1935 the Ministry of Education named Thiessen Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, as well as Professor for Physical Chemistry at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. In the minutes of the Institute s board meeting a month later, Planck noted that the naming of the new Institute Director had come about in an unusual manner nevertheless, he accepted the political imposition and expressed his desire to work together with Thiessen. 

The final section in this volume deals with applications of adhesion science. The applications described include methods by which durable adhesive bonds can be manufactured by the use of appropriate surface preparation (Davis and Venables) to unique methods for composite repair (Lopata et al.) Adhesive applications find their way into the generation of wood products (Dunky and Pizzi) and also find their way into the construction of commercial and military aircraft (Pate). The chapter by Spotnitz et al. shows that adhesion science finds its way into the life sciences in their discussion of tissue adhesives. 

U.S. Government funds were used to defray research and development costs. The aerospace plane is another opportunity for companies to develop new materials with Government support. However, military support for advanced-performance materials development is rapidly decreasing, both in appropriate test beds and in manufacturing support such as the U.S. Defense Department s Mantech program. 

MOPP Mission-Oriented Protective Posture, the protective clothing used by members of the U.S. military who engage in nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare. MOPP gear provides a flexible system requiring personnel to wear only that protective clothing and equipment appropriate to the threat level, work rate imposed by the mission, temperature, and humidity. 

Scandium was not produced in any quantities until the late 1930s. Its light weight, resistance to corrosion, and high melting point made it especially useful in the aerospace industries. In the early 1940s contractors for the U.S. Air Force appropriated almost all of the scandium metal for use in the construction of military aircraft. The pure metal form is produced by the electrolysis of a salt of scandium, ScCl The metal has found some other uses in... 

Alternatively, colloidal plasma expanders (Table 9.3) are used. When administered at appropriate concentrations, they exert an osmotic pressure similar to that of plasma protein, hence vascular volume and blood pressure are maintained. The major disadvantages of colloidal therapy include its relatively high cost, and the risk of prompting a hypersensitivity reaction. Determined elforts to develop blood substitutes were initiated in 1985 by the US military, concerned about the issue of blood supply to future battlefields. 

It would be more appropriate to call it Mimroe-Neumann Effect, because Neumann discovered it independently of Munroe and even proposed to apply the invention for military purposes (See Ref 51, pp 170-71)... 

Because of its fundamental characteristics, nitric oxide is an important species in three types of atmospheric concerns ballistic-missile reentry, polluted air, and the upper atmosphere. Understanding its reactions, therefore, is of consequence in the development of an effective military defense, the solution of urban air-pollution problems, and the exploration of space. The concern of Government, as well as private industry, in these areas is obvious and has led to the appropriation of considerable funds for studies of nitric oxide and its related species. Consequently, a large number of publications has appeared in recent years (more than half our references are 1960 or later). 

Tests In order to determ ine the suitability for military purposes of propellants, explosives, projectiles, weapons, etc, it is required that tests be conducted, using appropriate devices. As a final test, firings are conducted on a full scale at proving grounds... 

Color. Many US Military Specifications for expls and materials used in their manuf have color requirements. For example AN, Amm Chlorate, Amm Perchlorate, EDD, EDNA, HMTeA, LA, PE, PETN RDX should be white DNB Sc DNT pale yellow DNPh, HNDPhA, MNN, PA, TNAns TNB yellow AmmP golden orange and TNT light tan (buff) Because of this, it is appropriate to list here, some references on color, color designation and color measurements Refs l)Thorpe 3 (1939), 295-306 2)A.H. 

On the battlefield, a properly applied tourniquet can be an extremely effective means of controlling severe extremity wound hemorrhage. However, a great deal of confusion exists among soldiers, medics, and military medical officers on a number of tourniquet-related issues. What is an appropriate combat tourniquet When is it appropriate to use a tourniquet When and by whom should a tourniquet be removed Under what conditions should a tourniquet not be released or removed What are the most effective ways to increase limb salvage while using a tourniquet ... 

When faced with an environment made hazardous by the presence of toxic chemicals, it is imperative to quickly identify the nature and extent of the hazard in order to take appropriate countermeasures. While the speed and accuracy of chemical analysis is steadily improving, devices suitable for field use are usually the result of a compromise. Thus, falsepositive responses are prevalent due to the dire nature of a false-negative response. The only other option is to bring a full-scale laboratory to the site and there are military vehicles designed for this purpose. This option is impractical in most cases and so false-positive responses are currently the norm. 

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