Applicators, veterinary injections

Pyrrolidones such as 2-pyrrolidone and N-methylpyrrolidone see Section 17) are mainly used as solvents in veterinary injections. They have also been suggested for use in human pharmaceutical formulations as solvents in parenteral, oral, and topical applications. In topical applications, pyrrolidones appear to be effective penetration enhancers. Pyrrolidones have also been investigated for their application in controlled-release depot formulations. ... 

Oxytetracycline Sustained Release Injectable for i. m. Veterinary Application (2.2 g / 10 ml)... 

For therapeutic purposes and under the control of a responsible veterinarian, the administration to farm animals of 17/3-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone and derivatives that readily yield the parent compound on hydrolysis after absorption at the site of application may be authorized by the individual EU member states. Also, for therapeutic purposes, the administration of authorized veterinary medicinal products containing (i) allyl trenbolone, administered orally, or beta-agonists to equidae and pets, provided they are used in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions, (ii) beta-agonists, in the form of an injection to induce tocolysis in cows when calving may be authorized. Again, these veterinary medicinal products must be administered by a veterinarian under his direct responsibility. 

Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) is a high viscosity liquid system that converts into free-flowing liquid when mixed with 10-15% ethanol. On subcutaneous or IM injection, the matrix rapidly converts to a water-insoluble semi-solid, that is capable of delivering proteins and small molecules for a prolonged period. SAIB is biocompatible, and biodegrades to natural metabolites. This is a fairly new matrix and three INDs have been filed for veterinary applications. It has not been used in humans. 

Microspheres Intramuscular injections comprising a microsphere formulation manufactured from poly(DL-lactide) have been described for veterinary applications. Microspheres have been formulated to deliver progesterone (1.25 g) and estradiol (100 mg) continuously for a duration of 12 to 14 days. Other microsphere products have been developed, which contain various active ingredients including ivermectin, estradiol, moxidectin, and vitamin B12. 

The use of Cremophore EL in the microemulsions is avoided nowadays due to several adverse effects such as anaphylactic shocks and histamine release [20 ]. The other important consideration is the concentration of surfactants and co-surfactants which should be minimal and preferably not exceed 20%. Furthermore, it is necessary to ensure that the microemulsion structure is preserved in the presence of the tonicity adjusting solutions such as 0.9% saline solution and preservatives. The parenteral microemulsions should also be able to withstand tests such as freeze-thaw cycling which ensure their physical stability. It has been shown that the colloidal carriers based on Solutol HS 15 can withstand freeze-thaw cycling very efficiently whereas lecithins can offer stability to autoclaving [ 112 ]. Cosurfactants such as benzyl alcohol cannot be used for intravenous applications but can be used for the small volume parenteral products up to the concentration of 1% w/v. Ethanol at concentrations above 10% usually results in the pain on injection. Co-surfactants such as glycofurol are reported to acceptable for parenteral products but there are no products based on glycofurol available for the human use. The pyrrolidone derivatives are reported to be acceptable for veterinary applications. 

Copolymers with 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV) with lower crystallinity and melting temperature as well as higher impact strength levels 5 % HV for relatively rigid injection-molded parts, 10 % HV for injection molding, extrusion, injection-blow molding of packaging material, 20 % HV for veterinary/medical applications with controlled active substance release. 

This is a thermoplastic starch made from potatoes, wheat, maize or tapioca. The applications are found in food packaging, dog toys and veterinary accessories, and for injection moulding of complex parts. 

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