Applications motorcycles

Glassy amorphous polymers exhibit excellent dimensional stability and are frequently transparent. Everyday examples include atactic polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polymethylmethacrylate (Plexiglas ), which we encounter in such applications as bus shelters, motorcycle windshields, and compact disc cases. 

Other polymers, such as polycarbonate and polymethylmethacrylate, are hard, tough, and transparent. These materials are ideal for applications that are likely to experience severe impact. We find these polymers in bus shelters, motorcycle helmet visors, and jet fighter canopies. 

We take advantage of the shock absorbing characteristics of thermoplastic urethane rubbers in automotive, motorcycle, and bicycle suspensions and power transmission systems. Industrial shock absorbing applications include buffers for elevators and cranes. 

Finally, the lower density, higher surface area, lower back pressure, higher thermal shock resistance, and equivalent strength make EX-22 thin-wall substrates ideal for close-coupled application, e.g., preconverters and motorcycle catalysts. Much progress has been reported in their performance and durability recently [17,26,27,50,51]. 

The lubricant requirements for motorcycles and small engines can be broadly split by their engine types i.e. two-stroke or four-stroke. Small engines cover lightweight portable equipment such as chainsaws through to applications such as personal... 

Whilst steps can be made to improve the two-stroke from an emission s standpoint, the four-stroke engine has become the dominant power unit for today s motorcycles. Two-strokes continue to be used in off-road/racing applications, small, <50 cc, scooters, boating and portable equipment. 

Wet clutch performance is measured by assessing the lubricant s frictional behaviour relative to high-friction (JAFRE A) and low-friction (JAFRE B) reference oils in JASO T904-98, as a modified SAE 2 friction test for motorcycle applications. The test evaluates three main clutch parameters ... 

Although automotive gasoline engine oil specifications will continue to influence four-stroke motorcycle engine lubricant specifications, critical differences in motorcycle engine design and lubricant appetite will demand the need for motorcycle-specific lubricanf fesfs to ensure protection and performance in this highly stressed application. 

Today, flooded lead acid batteries are used in SLI duty. Although installation of valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries in series-production vehicles began as early as the late 1980s [19 22], penetration of the SLI market by VRLA batteries has, so far, been quite limited. VRLA batteries are primarily used only in motorcycles, some military applications and, recently, in niche-markets such as luxury cars, taxis, and agricultural vehicles. 

The catlyst support continues to demand research and development effort in the areas of (1) precious metal conversion through process consistency, (2) resistance to melting through advanced compositions, (3) cost reduction through process and improvements, (4) expanded applications into trucks, motorcycles and adaptation to varying emission certification cycles. 

The successful performance of cordierite ceramic converter system over the past 19 years in a myriad of applications - automotive, light duty vehicles and trucks - has amply demonstrated its suitability as emissions treatment device [5]. Furthermore, new developments in the area of ceramic converter systems have helped extend their applicability to small engines, both two-stroke, used in motorcycles [6-8]. In addition to design flexibility, the ceramic converter offers higher offers higher use temperature, improved heath retention and lower system cost. 

Lithium-ion batteries are used in a wide variety of applications, including cell phones, laptop computers, power tools, and even electric drive systems in automobiles and motorcycles. 

Foamed plastics are used in helmets because of their very low density, their ability to crush and absorb energy and the possibility of economical mass production. There are many other applications of polymer foams for injury prevention, for instance the fascia padding in cars. Bicycle helmets are chosen because of the author s research experience, and because the typically 0.3 mm thick outer shell plays a minor part in energy dissipation. Consequently, the design process concentrates on the foam Hner (Fig. 14.11). In contrast, the deformation of the 4-5 mm thick thermoplastic shell of a motorcycle helmet absorbs energy of the order of 40 J, when the helmet hits a hemispherical anvil of radius 50 mm. 

Bos, A. M. (1986) Modelling multibody systems in terms of multibond graphs with application to a motorcycle. Ph.D. Thesis. The Netherlands University of Twente Enschede. 

Yetham, L. A., Godfreg, P. M., Chinn, P. B. Materials for Motorcycle Crash Helmets a Finite Element Parametric Study. Plastics. Rubber and Composite Processing and Applications 1994 22 215-21. 

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