Application in Biotechnology

Various novel applications in biotechnology, biomedical engineering, information industry, and microelectronics involve the use of polymeric microspheres with controlled size and surface properties [1-31. Traditionally, the polymer microspheres larger than 100 /urn with a certain size distribution have been produced by the suspension polymerization process, where the monomer droplets are broken into micron-size in the existence of a stabilizer and are subsequently polymerized within a continuous medium by using an oil-soluble initiator. Suspension polymerization is usually preferred for the production of polymeric particles in the size range of 50-1000 /Ltm. But, there is a wide size distribution in the product due to the inherent size distribution of the mechanical homogenization and due to the coalescence problem. The size distribution is measured with the standard deviation or the coefficient of variation (CV) and the suspension polymerization provides polymeric microspheres with CVs varying from 15-30%. 

The identified enzymes need to be characterized on a more detailed level before application in biotechnological processes. 

Saha, B. C. (2000). Alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases Biochemistiy, molecular biology and application in biotechnology. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 18, 5, (August 2000), pp. (403-423), ISSN 0734-9750... 

Prenosil, J.E., Hegglin, M., Baumann, T.W., Frischkneechtt, P.M., Kappeler, A.W., Brodeliuss.P.. and Haldimann,D., Purine alkaloid producing cell cultures fundamental aspects and possible applications in biotechnology, Enzyme Microbial. Technol., 9,450,1987. 

Goodacre, R. Kell, D. B. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry and its applications in biotechnology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 1996,7, 20-28. 

Doping is important for semiconductors in order to tune their optical and electrical properties for the potential applications in biotechnology and solar cells [65]. Ag-doped hexagonal CdS nanoparticles were successfully obtained by an ultrasound-assisted microwave synthesis method. Here, the doping of Ag in to CdS nanoparticles induced the evolution of crystal structure from cubic to hexagonal. Further support from photocatalytic experiment also clearly indicates the doping of Ag clusters into the CdS matrix. 

Soini, E., and Lovgren, T. (1987) Time-resolved fluorescence of lanthanide probes and applications in biotechnology. CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 18, 104-154. 

Diamandis, E. P. Christopoulos, T. K., The biotin (strept)avidin system Principles and applications in biotechnology, Clin. Chem. 1991, 37, 625 636... 

E.W. Ciurczak and J.K. Drennen, Pharmaceutical applications of near-infrared-spectroscopy. In Near-Infrared Applications in Biotechnology, R. Raghavachari (ed.), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2001. 

R. Raghavachari (Ed.), Near-Infrared Applications in Biotechnology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000. 

Jaeger, K.E. and S.Wohlfarth. (1993) Bacterial lipases Biochemistry, molecular genetics and applications in biotechnology. Bioengineering, 9, 39-46. 

Appier, W.D. and Giamporcaro, D.E. (1991) Regulatory aspects of biotechnology— produced ingredients for food applications. In Biotechnology and Food Ingredients, 537-556. 

Prausnitz, J.M. (2003). Molecular thermodynamics for some applications in biotechnology. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 35, 21-39. 

Trevan MD (1980) Immobilized Enzymes. An Introduction and Applications in Biotechnology. Wiley, New York... 

In conclusion, the easy preparation of the MIPs, their high stability, and their ability to recognize small and large proteins, and to discriminate macromolecules with small variations in charge, make this approach attractive and broadly applicable in biotechnology, assays, and sensors. Up to now, several studies on the imprinting of macromolecules for the analysis of proteins have been performed and this topic has been extensively reviewed [74-76]. 

M.D. Trevan, Immobilized Enzyme An Introduction and Application in Biotechnology, Wiley, Chichester, 1980. 

Chowdhry BZ, Cole SC. Differential scanning calorimetry—applications in biotechnology. TIBTECH 1989 7 11 18. 

Drioli, E. and Giorno, L. (1999) Biocatalytic Membrane Reactors Application in Biotechnology and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Taylor Francis Publisher, Padstow, UK. 

Groschl M, Burger W, Handl B (1998), Ultrasonic separation of suspended particles -Part III Application in biotechnology, Acustica 84 815-822. 

Many calorimetric investigations have been reported on microbial systems in fundamental metabolic studies and in work directed towards applications in biotechnology, ecology, pharmacology, and the clinical areas. Two examples are given here. 

Albertsson, P.-A. (1985). In Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Theory, Methods and Uses, and Applications in Biotechnology, (H. Walter, D. E. Brooks, and D. Fisher, eds.), pp. 1-10. Academic Press, New York. 

Preiss, J. 19%. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase Basic science and applications in biotechnology. In Biotechnology Annual Review (M. R. El-Gewely, ed.), pp. 259-279. Elsevier Science, New York. 

Engineering Aspegts Trevan, M. D., Immobilized Enzymes An Introduction and Applications in Biotechnology, Wiley, 1980. Moo-Young, M., Bioreactors Immobilized Enzymes and Cells Fundamentals and Applications, Elsevier, London, 1988. 

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