Application electroplating industry

RO is widely used for desalinization of brackish water to produce a potable water source. Special membranes have been developed for industrial uses and for purifying wastewater. Metal compounds are readily removed. RO is a commercially mature technology available for many special applications including the treatment of process water from metal finishing, pulp and paper, semiconductor, and electroplating industries. 

Electro-deposition of Nickel.5—The commercial application of this process only dates back to about 1870, for, prior to that date, the difficulty of obtaining sufficiently pure nickel anodes at reasonable prices was an insuperable handicap to their extended use. When, however, improvements were instituted in the metallurgical methods of extracting nickel from its ores which rendered the production of relatively pure nickel possible at a lower cost, the future of the electroplating industry became assured. Nickel is a particularly useful metal... 

Early studies in the field concerned electroanalytical and voltammetric systems, later exploited to improve the electrodeposition of metals in the electroplating industry but until relatively recently very little had been reported about electroorganic systems. This situation is now being redressed, and there is now an upsurge of interest in the application of ultrasound to electrochemical systems of all sorts. 

Table 8-3. Fields of application and examples of analyses in the electroplating industry.

OTHER COMMENTS Platinum metal is used in the manufacture of apparatus used in laboratories and industries, including thermocouples, acid-proof containers, chemical reaction vessels, platinum resistance thermometers, electrodes, etc. has found applications in dentistry, electroplating industry, and in the jewelry industry soluble platinum salts have been used as catalysts in the production of high octane gasoline, vinylesters, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals platinum metals, as well as soluble platinum salts, have been employed as oxidation catalysts in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, nitric acid from ammonia, and acetic acid soluble platinum salts have been used and reused in the reclamation of platinum ore. 

It should be mentioned here that the composition of the electrolyte solution used in these in situ STM studies of the electrochemical deposition of noble metals (platinum, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium) are quite different from those used in the real electroplating industry [56-58]. Although some experimental conditions (temperature, concentration) may be difficult for the in situ STM measurements, electrodeposition in a practical electrolyte bath should provide more information both in application and in fundamental fields. 

In Situ Activation. The various cathode coatings examined for application in industrial chlor-alkali cells, and discussed above, have to be applied on to a nickel or steel cathode substrate by electroplating or thermal procedures. This step involves significant cost, depending on the technique employed for laying the active coating. 

The main economic interests of the electroplating industry are the profit that comes from the sales of finished product, the cost that includes the expenses for maintaining normal production, and the investment for technology innovation and application, employees... 

Within a short time, the electroplating industry has become an important field of application for ion chromatography [264,265]. Attention is being focused on the routine monitoring of plating baths and the improvement of the plating... 

In the electroplating industry, applications were specifically developed to analyze metal-cyanide complexes by ion-pair chromatography, which is interesting because the oxidation state of the metal can be determined via its complexation with cyanide. The two iron cyanide complexes, for example, are eluted in the... 

Other industrial applications of electrolysis include extraction/purification of metals from ores, electroplating, and the manufacture of certain chemicals such as sodium hydroxide. In the latter, sodium chloride solution when electrolysed is converted to sodium hydroxide to produce chlorine at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode. Both of these gaseous by-products are collected for industrial use chlorine is used in the production of bleach and PVC hydrogen is used as a fuel, to saturate fats, and to make ammonia. 

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