Application of the optimization principle

To keep all exposures within authorized dose limits and dose constraints and as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account  

The concept of optimization should also apply to design features whose purpose is to prevent or mitigate the consequences of accidents at the plant that could lead to the exposure of site personnel and/or the public. However, the techniques that are needed to take account of the probabilities of such events and their consequences are not yet well developed. 

The design target for the long term collective dose should preferably be expressed in terms of man Sv/unit of electricity generation, indicating the ratio of the radiation detriment to the benefit (the energy produced). 

For severe accidents, the regulatory body may specify a risk criterion or a criterion associated with specified releases of radioactive substances. 

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In general, application of the optimization principle in radiation protection implies that a choice is to be made from a set of possible protective measures. To this end, feasible options should be identified, the parameters to serve as criteria for comparison and their appropriate values should be determined and, finally, the options should be evaluated and compared. The optimization principle should also be applied to design features whose purpose is to prevent, or to mitigate the consequences of, accidents at the facility that could lead to radiation exposure of the site personnel or the public. 

A good operating culture associated with the application of the optimization principle should be established by ensuring that all participants in a project are aware of the general requirements for ensuring radiation protection and of the direct and indirect effects of their individual activities or functions on the provision of radiation protection for workers and the public. 

More precisely, a good operating culture in the application of the optimization principle should be established on the basis of ... 

A commitment to the apphcation of standards for radiation protection. Special attention should be paid to the application of the optimization principle ... 

Using this expression for the total electronic energy, application of the variational principle yields the following set of differential equations to obtain the optimized spatial MOS, 4, for the molecule ... 

In Chapter 3 we discussed the formulation of objective functions without going into much detail about how the terms in an objective function are obtained in practice. The purpose of this appendix is to provide some brief information that can be used to obtain the coefficients in objective functions in economic optimization problems. Various methods and sources of information are outlined that help establish values for the revenues and costs involved in practical problems in design and operations. After we describe ways of estimating capital costs, operating costs, and revenues, we look at the matter of project evaluation and discuss the many contributions that make up the net income from a project, including interest, depreciation, and taxes. Cash flow is distinguished from income. Finally, some examples illustrate the application of the basic principles. 

The standard installation of Microsoft Office does nol include two extra items the Analysis Tool Pack , and the Frontline Systems SOLVER macro. Since the GT Calculator files require complex arithmetic, the Analysis Tool Pack musl be present. Since the EXCEL Hiickel and Extended Hiickel programmes depend on optimization as required by the application of the variation principle lo flic LCAO-MO Hamiltonian, the SOLVER macro, also, is needed. Both can be added to an existing installation of the OFFICE software using the Add-ins option in the TOOLS menu. 

The naive application of the variational principle to the optimization problem is limited by the statistical uncertainty inherent in every Monte Carlo calculation. The magnitude of this statistical error has a great impact on the convergence of the optimization, and on the ability to find the optimal parameter set as well. 

Application of the above principles and solutions in practice have come across with a problem of uncertainty with respect to achievable efficiency the latter is connected with necessity of quantification of the safety level. To evaluate and assess the achievable safety level, one has to perform the full-scale PSA in addition to deterministic principles. Common realisation of the deterministic and probabilistic analyses during the NVAES-2 design process has permitted to obtain optimal solution with respect to balance of the active and passive trains of the modular safety systems. As a result of this optimisation, total core melt frequency for NVAES-2 is about three orders of magnitude less than for unit 1 of Balakovo NPP with V-320 reactor plant. 

In addition, in comparison to conventional batch chromatography, the application of the SMB principle allows the continuous operation of processes, which makes it easier to obtain products of constant purity without analytical controls for each single batch. Even more importantly, a 90% reduction in the overall amoimt of solvents needed for a separation can be achieved [32]. The overloaded conditions make it possible to optimize productivity with regard to the inventory of stationary phases. This optimization requires knowledge of the adsorption isotherms (Eq. 8) and the use of special simulation programs [33]. 

The optimization of protection and safety measures, or the application of the ALARA principle (to keep doses as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account), should be carried out at aU stages during the lifetime of the equipment and installations, fri the optimization, aU relevant factors should be taken into account, such as ... 

Example 5.5 Solution of the Optimal Temperature Profile for Penicillin Fermentation. Apply the orthogonal collocation method to solve the two-point boundary-value problem arising from the application of the maximum principle ofPontryagin to a batch penicillin fermentation. Obtain the solution of this problem, and show the profdes of the state variables, the adjoint variables, and the optimal temperature. The equations that describe the state of the system in a batch penicillin fermentation, developed by Constantinides et al.(6], are ... 

Method of Solution The fundamental numerical problem of optimal control theory is the solution of the two-point boundary-value problem, which invariably arises from the application of the maximum principle to determine optimal control profiles. The state and... 

The safety case should facilitate application of the Pareto principle concentrate effort where it will yield optimal results. The safety case should not duplicate the certification effort - rather, it should enforce, and then rely on it. 

The RC1 is an automated laboratory batch/semi-batch reactor for calorimetric studies which has proven precision. The calorimetric principle used and the physical design of the system are sound. The application of the RC1 extends from process safety assessments including calorimetric measurements, to chemical research, to process development, and to optimization. The ability of the RC1 to generate accurate and reproducible data under simulated plant scale operating conditions may result in considerably reduced testing time and fewer small scale pilot plant runs. 

The optimal administration of drugs in clinical practice is facilitated by effective application of the principles of clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Relationships between drug levels in the systemic circulation and various body compartments (e.g., tissues and biophase) following drug administration depend on factors governing drug absorption, distribution, elimination, and excretion (ADME). Collectively, the study of the factors that govern the ADME processes is termed pharmacokinetics. 

Many of the design principles of a hydride tank also hold for a hydride compressor. It must be an effective heat exchanger. The more effective the heat exchange, the shorter is the cycle time and consequently the smaller the hydride inventory required. Ideally, the hydride should have a high slope to the Van t Hoff plot to produce maximum compression with minimum temperature excursion. Beds of different hydrides can be coupled in series to provide staged compression and thus achieve very high overall compression ratios with modest temperatures. The ability to tailor hydrides, as shown earlier, is very helpful to compressor optimization for specific applications (i.e., available heat sources, H2 input pressure, and desired output pressure). 

Establish the optimal return from the overall process and from each stage by the application of the principle shown in Eq. (91). 

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