Application bulk chemicals

Commercial scale plant started up in the spring of 1988 purifying a bulk chemical. This is the first application of the CCCC process on this bulk chemical. 

Continuous crystallizers find widespread application for the production of bulk chemicals such as fertilizers, fibre intermediates, salts and sugars. Production rates are typically 100 kTe/yr, or more with vessel capacities typically exceeding 20 m. Typical continuous crystallizers are depicted in Figure 9.18 and are described in more detail in Chapter 3. 

The discussion of acylation reactions in this chapter is focused on fluonnated carboxylic acid derivatives and their use to build up new fluorine-containing molecules of a general preparative interest Fifteen years ago, fluonnated carboxylic acids and their derivatives were used mainly for technical applications [/] Since then, an ever growing interest for selectively fluonnated molecules for biological applications [2, 3, 4, 5] has challenged many chemists to use bulk chemicals such as tnfluoroacetic acid and chlorodifluoroacetic acid as starting materials for the solution of the inherent synthetic problems [d, 7,, 9]... 

Volume 2 Calcium Magnesium Acetate. An Emerging Bulk Chemical for Environmental Applications... 

Column reactors are the second most popular reactors in the fine chemistry sector. They are mainly dedicated reactors adjusted for a particular process although in many cases column reactors can easily be adapted for another process. Cocurrently operated bubble (possibly packed) columns with upflow of both phases and trickle-bed reactors with downflow are widely used. The diameter of column reactors varies from tens of centimetres to metres, while their height ranges from two metres up to twenty metres. Larger column reactors also have been designed and operated in bulk chemicals plants. The typical catalyst particle size ranges from 1.5 mm (in trickle-bed reactors) to 10 mm (in countercurrent columns) depending on the particular application. The temperature and pressure are limited only by the material of construction and corrosivity of the reaction mixture. 

Two main fields of application have been explored fine chemistry/ pharmacy (Hessel et al. 2004a) and fuel processing (Hessel et al. 2005d). A few investigations target manufacture of bulk chemicals or intermediates. In addition, the production of smart and functional materials is the focus, such as pigments (Wille et al. 2004), encapsulated delivery... 

Bio transformation enzymes, location in the cell broth, 16 403 104 Biotransformations, 11 4 16 395. See also Microbial transformations for bulk chemical applications,... 

The majority of the homogeneous processes were developed for bulk chemicals as only products having a sufficiently large volume could justify the expenditure needed for the development of totally new catalysts and the engineering involved. It was only in the nineties that applications in the fine chemicals area took off, utilising the research results of the bulk chemicals area and the large academic effort that had been set up in the meantime. 

Applications. In the last decade a lot of research has been devoted to the development of catalytic routes to a series of asymmetric carboxylic acids that lack the acetamido ligand as additional functionality. In Figure 4.17 four are listed, which are important as anaesthetics for rheumatic diseases. Their sales in beat many bulk chemicals the turnover of Naproxen (retail) in 1990 was 700 million for 1000 tons. S-Naproxen is now being produced by Syntcx via resolution with a chiral auxiliary. The main patents from Syntex expired in the U.S. in 1993, the reason for a lot of activity to study alternative synthetic routes. Routes leading to an asymmetric centre are o asymmetric hydrogenation of an unsaturated acid, o asymmetric carbohydroxylation of a styrene precursor, o asymmetric hydroformylation of a styrene precursor and oxidation. 

In the majority of impurity removal processes, the adsorbent functions both as a catalyst and as an adsorbent (catalyst/adsorbent). The impurity removal process often involves two steps. First, the impurities react with the catalyst/adsorbent under specified conditions. After the reaction, the reaction products are adsorbed by the catalyst/adsorbent. Because this is a chemical adsorption process, a severe regeneration condition, or desorption, of the adsorbed impurities from the catalyst/adsorbent is required. This can be done either by burning off the impurities at an elevated temperature or by using a very polar desorbent such as water to desorb the impurities from the catalyst/adsorbent. Applications to specific impurities are covered in the followings section. The majority of industrial applications involve the removal of species containing hetero atoms from bulk chemical products as purification steps. 

New Applications for Bismuth(III) Salts in Organic Synthesis From Bulk Chemicals to Steroid and Terpene Chemistry... 

Abstract Bismuth(III) salts are currently considered efficient and ecofriendly reagents and catalysts for the development of new applications in organic synthesis. The preparation of bismuth(III) triflate and its analogues is reviewed as well as some of their applications to the synthesis of bulk chemicals via electrophilic addition and cyclization reactions. The use of bismuth(III) salts in the development of new chemical processes involving steroids and terpenes as substrates is also discussed. 

Propanediol and its Applications from a Fine to a Bulk Chemical 242... 

Chlorine is a widely used bulk chemical with numerous applications on a megaton... 

An interesting effect that has to be taken into account in assessing the potential of a new process or product is the distinction between performance (or speciality ) and commodity (or bulk ) chemicals. The former tend to be more expensive and are assessed principally on the basis of the value of their functionality in specific end-use applications. The later tend to be cheaper and to be valued in terms of their chemical specification, such as composition and purity etc., and tend to have a wide range of uses,... 

Activation Processes. To be useful in battery applications reactions in list occur at a reasonable rate The rare or ability of battery electrodes to produce current is determined by the kinetic processes of electrode operations, not by thermodynamics, which describes the characteristics of reactions at equilibrium when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. Electrochemical reaction kinetics follow the same general considerations as those of bulk chemical reactions. Two differences are a potential drop that exists between the electrode and the solution because of the electrical double layer at the electrode interface, and the reaction that occurs at a two-dimensional interfaces rather than in three-dimensional space. 

Since the mid-fifties sulfonated resins based on styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers, initially developed as ion exchangers mainly for water treatment, nave also been used as strongly acidic solid catalysts. Witn few exceptions, industrial application in continuous processes is limited to the manufacture of bulk chemicals, sucn as Disphenol A, (meth)acrylates, metnyl ethers of branched olefins (MTBE, TAME) and secondary alcohols (IPA, SBA). 

RWE-DEA (former Deutsche Texaco AG) is one of the leading companies in the development and conmercial application of processes using ion excnange resins as acidic catalysts. Our expertise comprises production of bulk chemicals, sucn as MTBE (refs. 2-3), isopropyl alcohol (refs. 2, 4-5) and sec-butyl alcohol (refs. 2, 6-7) as well as manufacture of low-volume chemicals sold at higner prices, sucn as methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl isopropenyl Ketone and methyl isopropyl ketone (refs. 8, 9-10) ... 

Yet we are not without hope for future applications of bulk chemical analyses. More thorough chemical cleaning of the shell to remove inorganic components may reduce some of the variability among shells collected from a region, allowing us to better define potential source zones and assign unknown beads to these source zones. 

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