Apple lutein

BookstaffRC, Moore RW, Peterson RE. 1990a. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin increases the potency of androgens and estrogens as feedback inhibitors of luteinizing hormone secretion in male rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 104 212-224. 

The majority of carotenoids tested in this study increased the rhodamine accumulation of the Colo 320 MDR/MRP human colon cancer cells by the inhibition of the MDR1-mediated efflux pump activity. The cell size and the intracellular or sub cellular structures of carotenoid-treated cells were not modified during the short period of the flow cytometric experiments. The mean fluorescence and the shift of the fluorescence peak increased to various extents in the presence of carotenoids. The most active compounds were antheraxanthin, violeoxanthin, apple peel phytox-anthin, lutein and violaxanthin, while the luteoxanthin, neoxanthin and /f-cryploxanlhin were only moderate in their inhibition of the efflux pump (Tables 7, 8). 

Smallridge, R.C., Carr, F.E., Fein, H.G. (1991). Diisopropyl-fluorophosphate (DFP) reduces serum prolactin, thyrotropin, luteinizing hormone, and growth hormone and increases adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone in rats involvement of dopaminergic and somatostatinergic as well as cholinergic pathways. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 108 284—95. 

Khachik, R et ah. Isolation and structural elucidation of the geometrical isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin in extracts from human plasma, J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Appl., 582, 153, 1992. 

Second, their hypophasic fraction carotenoids from orange extract (PM3) and apple extract (PM4) contained mainly violaxanthin (8), zeaxanthin (9) and lutein (6). 

Apples are a good source of vitamin C and E. Moreover they contain lutein, folic acid, potassium and magnesium. Vitamin C and E together with lutein are important antioxidants and may contribute to protective health effects against chronic diseasesFolic acid, as well as potassium and magnesium, has been associated with a reduced risk of CVD. ... 

A great number of phenolic compounds, including yellow flavonoids, anthocyanins, the ellagic, gallic and p-coumaric acids, as well as quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol derivatives have been identified in the cashew apple (Michodjehoun-Mestres etal. 2009 Hoffinann-Ribani et al. 2009 Brito et al. 2007 Moura et al. 2001), while condensed tannins and anacardic and ascorbic acids have been identified in cashew juice and cajuina. It is also known that cashew apple skins are 15-20 times richer in total phenolic compounds than their flesh (Michodjehoun-Mestres et al. 2009). In addition, lutein, zeinoxanthin, cis- and tra s -P-cryptoxanthin, a-carotene and p-carotene cis and trans) were identified as the major carotenoids present in three different varieties of ripe cashew apple (elongated yellow, elongated red, and rounded red) (Assunfao a/. 2003). 

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