Appetite suppressants amphetamines

Drugs that work in the brain are considered appetite suppressants. Amphetamines are approved for use in treating other diseases their use as a weight loss drug is considered off label, or not approved. Doctors often prescribe drugs... 

Appetite suppressants (amphetamines. Tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension t Serotonin ... 

The habit of abusing peripherally active analgesics is often established at an early age. Later, appetite suppressants, amphetamines as stimulants, and benzodiazepines or laxatives may be taken. Peripheral analgesics therefore play a not inconsiderable role as starter drugs, and there is a special danger of dose increase due to addiction and chronic abuse. 

Compounds stmcturaHy related to the endogenous sympathomimetic amines epinephrine and norepinephrine have classically been employed as appetite suppressants. These agents, of which amphetamine [300-62-9], is the prototypical example, generally retain the phenethyl amine, but lack... 

Appetite-suppressing. Neuropqrtide modulators and gut hormones with anorexigenic effects are a-melanocortin-stimulating hormone (a-MSH), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, insulin, oxyntomodulin, pancreatic peptide PP, peptide YY and PYY3 36, and others. 

This sympathomimetic amine exudes similar pharmacologic activity as the amphetamines, resulting in central nervous system stimulation and appetite suppression. This drug is indicated for short-term use in conjunction with a reduced-calorie diet and exercise in obese patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater following failed attempts of diet and exercise alone.40... 

Phenmetrazine Clinically used for short-term appetite suppression in the longer term its supposed benefits for weight control are very doubtful recreational use is rare, with weaker CNS effects than amphetamine, but it is still addictive. 

Figure 4.1 The chemical structure of amphetamine and fenfluramine are illustrated here. Fenfluramine (bottom) is a diet pill that is very similar in structure to amphetamine (top). Fenfluramine is an appetite suppressant, like amphetamine, but it does not have stimulant effects. Fenfluramine was proposed as a safer alternative to amphetamine and was very effective in causing weight loss, especially when used in combination with phentermine. Unfortunately, fenfluramine eventually led to devastating side effects, which led to its being withdrawn from the U.S. market.

Amphetamines Appetite suppressants Asthma inhalants Buspirone Carbamazepine Cocaine... 

Qosely related chemically to amphetamine are the so-called appetite suppressants or anorexiants, such as fenfluramine, mazindole, and sibutra-mine. These may also cause dependence and their therapeutic value and safety are questionable. 

Amphetamine, a Schedule II drug, was synthesized by the German chemist . Edeleano in 1887 (Figure 6.2). The trade names for amphetamine are Benzedrine and Dexedrine. Smith, Kline, and French marketed Benzedrine inhaler in the 1930s for respiratory disorders. Since amphetamine decreases drowsiness and fatigue, it is marketed for narcolepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and was used as an appetite suppressant (anorectic) in diet regimens. Amphetamine was supplied to the... 

The best-known products come from the amphetamine group (see Table 1.12) Dexedrine1 1 (generic name d-amphetamine) and Pervitin 1 (methamphetamine) were particularly used in the 1950s and 1960s as stimulants and also as appetite suppressants, but today play hardly any role in medical practice. Ritalin (methylphenidate) has some relevance its psychostimulant action is said to be weaker than that of amphetamines and it is apparent ) less abused than the latter. Because methylphenidate also possesses mild antidepressant activity, in some countries it is used to combat not only narcolepsy and ADHD but also mild depressions without suicide risk (Satel and Nelson, 1989). 

Older drugs still available in some countries include phenylpropanolamine, benzphetamine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, phentermine, diethylpropion, mazindol, and phendimetrazine. These drugs are all amphetamine mimics and are central nervous system appetite suppressants they are generally helpful only during the first few weeks of therapy. Their toxicity is significant and includes hypertension (with a risk of cerebral hemorrhage) and addiction liability. 

Amphetamine, its derivatives and isomers are used mainly for their CNS effects which will be discussed later. They were once the drug of choice for appetite suppression(PNS and CNS effect) and were used for asthma. Effects related to their peripheral activity are anorexia, increased blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cardiac arrhythmias. 

AMPHETAMINES A class of drugs frequently abused as a stimulant. Used medically to treat narcolepsy (a condition characterized by brief attacks of deep sleep) and as an appetite suppressant. 

Because amphetamines are anorectics (appetite suppressants), these drugs were formerly the treatment of choice for obesity. Due to the potential for abuse and for adverse side effects such as increased heart and respiratory rate, and increased blood pressure, these drugs... 

The amphetamines were replaced by amphetamine analogs—substances somewhat less potent than amphetamines. Fen-Phen, the combination of fenfluramine and phentermine, was a popular appetite suppressant in the 1990s, but was associated with severe health problems such as pulmonary hypertension, heart valve dysfunction, and nerve damage. As a result, both drugs were withdrawn from the market. 

The diet pills developed to replace amphetamines became known as anorectics or appetite suppressants and are central nervous system stimulants. The FDA approved phentermine in 1959, fenfluramine in 1973, and dexfenfluramine in 1996. 

Amphetamine s primary effects (increased wakefulness, appetite suppression, and increased locomotor activity) are thought to be mediated by the release of norepinephrine from noradrenergic neurons in the CNS (36). However, research points to the role of plasma transport inhibition of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin as well as inhibition of the vesicular monoamine transporter (138). Wisor et al. (139) summarize evidence that dopamine reuptake inhibition produces a greater alerting effect than norepinephrine transport blockade. 

Another amphetamine derivative, phentermine, has been in use as an appetite suppressant since its approval by the FDA in 1959. However, there are fewer clinical studies of phentermine s effectiveness in weight loss programs. Munro and colleagues (31) studied the effectiveness of phentermine during a 36-wk trial and reported a 13% reduction in initial body weight, compared to a 5.2% reduction for the placebo. The weight loss induced by phentermine over and above caloric restriction is comparable to that attained with fenfluramine. 

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