Apnea central

Breathing-Reiated Sieep Disorders. The breathing-related sleep disorders include obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, and alveolar hypoventilation. Of these three, obstructive sleep apnea is by far the most common. The patient with sleep apnea usually breathes normally when awake and only stops breathing while asleep. Occasional episodes of apnea are normal, but five or more episodes of apnea per hour are usually considered diagnostic of the disorder. 

Wise MG, Fisher JG, de la Pena AM. 1983. Trichloroethane (TCE) and central sleep apnea a case study. 

Central sleep apnea (CSA less than 10% of all apneas) is characterized by repeated episodes of apnea caused by temporary loss of respiratory effort during sleep. It may be caused by autonomic nervous system lesions, neurologic diseases, high altitudes, and congestive heart failure. 

Nonpeptide receptors Adenosine Aj Human cDNA Cardiac arrhythmia, asthma, myocardial ischemia, obesity, pain, renal disease, sleep apnea, stroke, cancer, inflammation, glaucoma, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease Bradycardia, lipolysis inhibition, reduction of glomerular filtration and natriuresis, tubero-glomerular feedback, antinociception, renal vasodilatation-constriction, reduction of central cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve activity, presynaptic inhibition of excitatory neuro transmission... 

In mice, exposure to 520,000 ppm was lethal to 100% of the animals within an average of 28 minutes. Near the LC50 dose, mice exhibit central nervous system depression, rapid and shallow respiration, and apnea. At concentrations of 3 50,000 ppm, loss of posture occurred after 25 minutes exposure to 150,000 ppm for 60 minutes or 230,000ppm for 26 minutes produced light anesthesia. 

Caffeine and theophylline are more active on the central nervous system, while theobromine is much less active. Caffeine and theophylline also appear to stimulate the respiratory centers, making them useful in the treatment of infants who stop breathing for extended periods of time (sleep apnea), which can lead to sudden infant death. 

Bradley TD, Floras IS. Sleep apnea and heart failure Part II central sleep apnea. Circulation. Apr 8 2003 107(13) 1822-1826. 

Sin DD, Fitzgerald F, Parker JD, et al. Risk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with congestive heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Oct 1999 160(4) 1101-1106. 

Bradley TD, Logan AG, Kimoff RJ, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure. N EnglJ Med. Nov 10 2005 353(19) 2025-2033. 

Naughton MT, Benard DC, Liu PP, et al. Effects of nasal CPAP on sympathetic activity in patients with heart failure and central sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Aug 1995 152(2) 473-479. 

Unlabeled Uses Sleep apnea, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, postanesthetic respiratory depression, shivering... 

Central sleep apnea involving lack of diaphragmatic effort... 

Bonnet MH, Dexter JR, Arand DL. The effect of triazolam on arousal and respiration in central sleep apnea patients. Sieep 1990 13 31-41. 

Central and/or peripheral nervous system involvement is one of the most frequent features, often resulting in the neonatal period in drowsiness, poor sucking, severe hypotonia, abnormal movements, seizures, respiratory distress, and fatal keto-acidotic coma with lactic acidosis [3]. To these severe conditions echo late-onset diseases now frequently attributed to or associated with mitochondrial OXPHOS defects, such as Alzheimer s or Parkinsons disease [10]. Major neurological symptoms, in variable combinations, involve trunk hypotonia, cranial nerve and brainstem involvement (with abnormal eye movements, ophthalmoplegia, recurrent apneas), cerebellar ataxia, myoclonia, seizures, pyramidal syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, poliodystrophy, and leukodystrophy infections [27,28]. A diffuse impairment of the cerebral white matter (leukodystrophy) mostly results in motor disturbance with mental retardation and low incidence of seizures. 

Neuropharmacology of obstructive sleep apnea and central apnea... 

Carley DW, Radulovacki M (1999) Role of peripheral serotonin in the regulation of central sleep apneas in rats. Chest 115 1397-1401... 

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