ANTISEPTIC TREATMENT

When the fresh glue-yielding substances are not to be immediately employed, it is always requisite to submit them to some antiseptic treatment till they are required for use. 

Phenyl mercury borate Antiseptic, treatment of periapical periodontitis and preservative in ophthalmic solutions... 

Phenolic salts lodosubgallate Salicylate Subgallate Tribromophenate Tannate Internal astringent and absorbent for the protection of the gastrointestinal membrane. Used externally as an antiseptic. Treatment for gastroenteritis, toxic diarrhea, dermatitis, and hemorrhoids... 

A. gigantea whole plant as emmenagogue, abortive and antiseptic treatment of wounds and skin diseases 58, 59... 

An antiseptic solution extensively used iB a 2% solution of mercuric chloride in 1% formic acid. This was first advocated by Alfred Seymour-Jones. He recommended that hideB be held in contact with the antiseptic for one to three days. After this antiseptic treatment the hides were placed in saturated salt solution for an hour and then dried. Another antiseptic solution used for disinfecting hides is that of Schattenfroh. He advocated the use of a 10% solution of salt in 2% hydrochloric acid. Hides are held in this solution for three days at a temperature of 40° C. It is said that no harm is done to the hides by the use of these antiseptic solutions. 

FIGURE 12.8 Schematic indication of the phenomena occurring on seasoned wood treated with antiseptic agents immediately after the cut. (a) To avoid on the intact pole, subject to unprotected cracks, possible access points for spores and insects, (b) Preferable on poles carved before the antiseptic treatment, in order to avoid the formation of unprotected cracks. 

Antimony compounds earlier played a great role in medicine and were used for antiseptic treatments and as an emetic. Nowadays the element is regarded as toxic, with an environmentally acceptable limit value for the metal and its oxides in the air of 0.5 mg Sb/m The inexplicable early death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was perhaps due to antimony poisoning. His doctor prescribed antimony tartrate for him as a medicine. He died in 1791 at the age of 35 with symptoms similar to those found in acute antimony poisoning. 

For example, as late as the 1890s, physicians were discussing and recommending various antipyretic and antiseptic treatments for typhoid fever. These treatments included the use of chemicals such as sulphurous acid, carbolic acid, iodine, and chlorine. See Stewart (1893), pp. 49-71. 

Treatment of this same 4, 5 -dibromofluorescein intermediate with mercuric acetate and conversion to the disodium salt yields the hydroxymercuric analogue merbromin or mercurochrome [129-16-8] (41). It was once a widely used antiseptic, especially for skin disinfection, and was even adrninistered internally. However, it has been replaced by more effective antibacterial agents. 

Formation of cyanide by degradation of hydantoia derivatives used as antiseptics for water treatment has been described (84), and this fact might have toxicological relevance. 

The principal OTC pharmaceutical products include cold remedies, vitamins and mineral preparations, antacids, analgesics, topical antibiotics, antiftingals and antiseptics, and laxatives. Others include suntan products, ophthalmic solutions, hemorrhoidal products, sleep aids, and dermatological products for treatment of acne, dandmff, insect parasites, bums, dry skin, warts, and foot care products (11). More recent prescription-to-OTC switches have included hydrocortisone, antihistamine and decongestant products, antiftingal agents, and, as of 1995, several histamine H2-receptor antagonists. 

Monobasic aluminum acetate is dispensed as a 7% aqueous solution for the topical treatment of certain dermatological conditions, where a combination of detergent, antiseptic, astringent, and heat-dispersant effects are needed (12). The solution, diluted with 20—40 parts water, is appHed topically to the skin and mucous membranes as a wet dressing (13). Burrow s solution, prepared from aluminum subacetate solution by the addition of a specific amount of acetic acid, is also used as a topical wet dressing. Standards of purity and concentration have been estabHshed for both pharmaceutical aluminum acetate solutions (13). Each 100 mL of aluminum subacetate solution yields 2.30—2.60 g of aluminum oxide and 5.43—6.13 g of acetic acid upon hydrolysis. For the Burow s solution, each 100 mL yields 1.20—1.45 g of aluminum oxide and 4.25—5.12 g of acetic acid. Both solutions may be stabilized to hydrolysis by the addition of boric acid in amounts not to exceed 0.9% and 0.6% for the subacetate and Burow s solutions, respectively (13). 

Sahcyhc acid USP, EP, and other pharmacopeia grades are used medically as antiseptic, disinfectant, antifungal, and keratolytic agents. Sahcyhc acid is formulated in lotion or ointment formulations for the treatment of dandmff, eczema, psoriasis, and various parasitic skin diseases. Because the keratolytic property of this aromatic acid has use in the safe removal of dead skin cells from the surface of healthy skin, the acid is used in concentrated sahcyhc acid solutions or suspensions to remove warts and corns. In more dilute form, sahcyhc acid preparations have found use in dandmff and eczema treatment. Sahcyhc acid has been considered and found effective by the Advisory Committees to the FDA in various over-the-counter (OTC) dmg regulated uses. Among these are acne products, dermatitis, dry skin, dandmff and psoriasis products, and foot care products (24). 

Sorbitan sesquioleate emulsions of petrolatum and wax are used as ointment vehicles in skin treatment. In topical appHcations, the inclusion of both sorbitan fatty esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives modifies the rate of release and promotes the absorption of antibiotics, antiseptics, local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors, and other medications from suppositories, ointments, and lotions. Poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monooleate, also known as Polysorbate 80 (USP 23), has been used to promote absorption of ingested fats from the intestine (245). 

In medicine, the internal uses of benzoic acid are relatively unimportant. Its principal medicinal use is external it is used in dermatology as an antiseptic stimulant and irritant. Combined with salicyLic acid [69-72-7] benzoic acid is employed in the treatment of ringworm of the scalp and other skin diseases (Whitfield s ointment). 

The NF and reagent grades are employed in the pharmaceutical industry which makes use of benzyl alcohol s local anesthetic, antiseptic, and solvent properties (17—20). It also finds use in cough symps and drops ophthalmic solutions bum, dental (21), and insect repeUant solutions and ointments and dermatological aerosol sprays. It is used in nail lacquers and as a color developer in hair dyes by the cosmetics industry (22), and in acne treatment preparations (23). 

In all antiseptic testing, it is recognized that skin and mucous membranes to which products ate appHed cannot be disinfected or sterilized but it is possible to significantly reduce the population of transient and resident pathogenic bacterial flora. AH in vivo test methods requite a deterrnination of the bacteria on the skin before and after treatment. Because of the normal variation in bacterial population of the skin of different people, a number of people must be tested in order to make a statistical analysis of the results. Different parts of the body are used for different tests. In aH of the tests the details of the protocol ate extremely important and must be strictly adhered to in order to obtain reproducible results. 

In addition to being the most widely used disinfectant for water treatment, chlorine is extensively used in a variety of products, including paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints, and other consumer products. Most chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. It is also used in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride and in the extraction of bromine. Among other past uses, chlorine served as a war gas during World War I. 

Treatment of the hydroxides of Zn and Cd with aqueous H2O2 produces hydrated peroxides of rather variable composition. That of Zn has antiseptic properties and is widely used in cosmetics. 

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