Antique period

Chemical warfare has its roots in antiquity. Periodically, armies have used dmgs, mostly extracted from poisonous plants, against their opponents. In more recent centuries, chemical laboratories have gone on to produce new and more sophisticated compounds along with more effective devices for their delivery. The American army paid little or no attention to this type of weapon, however, until the 20th century. When German troops used toxic gases in World War I, they found the U.S. and its allies almost totally unprepared. 

The history of the hydrographic and oceanographic investigations in the Black Sea has been conventionally divided by the authors into several basic stages the Antique period, the Middle Ages, the Peter period, the post-Peter period, a wider approach to the Black Sea investigations, the period after World War II, and recent investigations. 

The Antique period gave initial geographical and cartographic notions about the Black Sea within the framework of the Earth description in general. 

Whereas the use of natural rubber was well established by the start of the twentieth century, the major growth period of the plastics industry has been since 1930. This is not to say that some of the materials now classified as plastics were unknown before this time since the use of the natural plastics may be traced well into antiquity. 

Transition Period. The past few years, today, and the next few years, while new treatment processes are being developed and installed. Present day plants exhibit a mixed picture of modern abatement facilities alongside antique process units, and effluent streams range from... 

Bocherens, H., Fizet, M., Mariotti, A., Olive, C., Bellon, G. and Billion, D. 1991 Application de la biochimie isotopique ( C, N) a la determination du regime alimentaire des populations humaines et animates durant les periodes antique et mededvale. Archives des Sciences de Geneve 44 329-340. 

Combustion has a very long history. From antiquity up to the middle ages, fire along with earth, water, and air was considered to be one of the four basic elements in the universe. However, with the work of Antoine Lavoisier, one of the initiators of the Chemical Revolution and discoverer of the Law of Conservation of Mass (1785), its importance was reduced. In 1775-1777, Lavoisier was the first to postulate that the key to combustion was oxygen. He realized that the newly isolated constituent of air (Joseph Priestley in England and Carl Scheele in Sweden, 1772-1774) was an element he then named it and formulated a new definition of combustion, as the process of chemical reactions with oxygen. In precise, quantitative experiments he laid the foundations for the new theory, which gained wide acceptance over a relatively short period. 

This article considers aspects of the relation of medicine with other learned disciplines during the sixteenth century and presents some examples of the contribution of medical authors of that period to such diverse fields as natural philosophy, physiognomy, alchemy, travel writing, the art of memory, and the study of antiquities... 

Moreover, the novel describes a real period of surplus of thread before the arrival of weaving machines. So Marner, like other hand-weavers of his era, can actually overproduce to productive ends. Yet this kind of unbridled production will not be possible a few decades later, suggesting that one should read the novel in a precise realist manner, intimately tied to the land. For instance, the fact that Marner lives next to stone pits is both symbolic and realistic. The dwarf lives in a furnace (volcano, like Vulcan), or hollow stone. But the very doorway to this abode is also the opening to the furnace. Since the furnace is built over the ore pit, the metal, and therefore the dwarf, is often said to live under a stone (Dieterle 5). There is a primary relation between stones and metals that goes back very far in time, prior to industrialization. This antiquity is evoked in alchemical thought. 

Some Famous Copper Mines. The word copper is indicative of its Cyprian origin. Whether the Island of Cyprus was named for the metal or the metal for the island would be difficult to decide (98). Copper was mined at Cyprus in antiquity, especially in the foothills of the Troodos range along the coast from Marium to Soli, and was its most important product (98) Long before the Roman period, copper was exported from Cyprus as ore and as ingots. The copper mines of this island are still productive (98). 

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