Antimicrobial Resistance and

Okhuysen PC. Current concepts in travelers diarrhea Epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance and treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005 18 522-526. 

Shehabi AA, Odeh JF, Fayyad M (2006) Characterization of antimicrobial resistance and class 1 integrons found in Escherichia coli isolates from human stools and drinking water sources in Jordan. J Chemother 18(5) 468-472... 

Lack of access to medicines and inappropriate doses result in serious morbidity and mortality, particularly for childhood infections and chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, epilepsy and mental disorders. Inappropriate use and over-use of medicines waste resources - often out-of-pocket payments by patients - and result in significant patient harm in terms of poor patient outcomes and adverse drug reactions. Furthermore, over-use of antimicrobials is leading to increased antimicrobial resistance and non-sterile injections to the transmission of hepatitis, HIV/AIDS and other blood-borne diseases. Finally, irrational over-use of medicines can stimulate inappropriate patient demand, and lead to reduced access and attendance rates due to medicine stock-outs and loss of patient confidence in the health system. 

Yoshikawa TT. Antimicrobial resistance and aging Beginning of the end of the antibiotic era J Am Geriatr Soc 2002 50 S226-S229. 

Cosgrove SE. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006 42 S82-S89. 

Critically ill patients are at high risk for a variety of nosocomial infections. Knowledge of infection control techniques, as well as proper use of prophylactic and empiric antibiotics, is an important component of critical care pharmacy practice. Inappropriate antibiotic use can lead to antimicrobial resistance and outbreaks of nosocomial infection that are difficult to treat with conventional therapies. Critical care pharmacists work with infection control staff and infectious disease pharmacists to optimize the use of antimicrobial therapies. 

National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), FDA. 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, U.S.A. URL http //www.fda. gov/nctr/index.html. Mission Statement includes fundamental and applied research specifically designed to define biological mechanisms of action underlying the toxicity of products regulated by the FDA. Covers food safety, bioterrorism, biotechnology, information technology, fundamental and applied research, premarket activities, antimicrobial resistance, and HIV/AIDS. 

Antimicrobial snsceptibihty testing for M. avium complex is less standardized owing to snch factors as its intrinsic antimicrobial resistance and the presence of different colony variants that have differing antimicrobial snsceptibihties. Nonetheless, the broth radiometric method appears to be the most consistent and reproducible method for quantitative MIC determination, and it has been advocated for use by the NCCLS and leading experts in mycobacteriology. In the future, the use of molecular probes for mycobacterial resistance genes most hkely wiU become a more important component of... 

Varaldo PE. Antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility testing an evergreen topic. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002 50 1. ... 

Gupta K, Hooton TM, and Stamm WE. Increasing antimicrobial resistance and die management of uncompUcated community-acquired urinary tract infections. Ann Intern Med 2001 135 41-50. 

Welsh J, McClelland M (1992) PCR-amplified length polymorphisms in tRNA intergenic spacers for categorizing staphylococci. Mol Microbiol 6 1673-1680 Westin L, Miller C, Vollmer D, Canter D, Radtkey R, Nerenberg M, O Connell JP (2001) Antimicrobial resistance and bacterial identification utilizing a microelectronic chip array. J Clin Microbiol 39 1097-1104... 

Antimicrobial drug use in food animal production is fundamental to animal health and well-being and to the economics of the livestock industry. Therefore the pmdent use of antimicrobials is critically important because few new drugs are entering the market, and existing uses need to be preserved for as long as is practicable. Pmdent use will minimize the development of antimicrobial resistance and maximize therapeutic effect. When introducing new products onto the market, pharmaceutical companies need to mle out the presence of cross-resistance to old products... 

The emergence of multidrag-resistant microorganism strains requires novel methods for antimicrobial resistance and virulence testing. The functional assays for establishing drag resistance, reviewed here, are based on MS and stable isotopes... 

Demirev P. Emerging instrumental methods for antimicrobial resistance and virulence testing. In Havlicek V, Spizek J, editors. Natural products analysis instrumentation, methods, and applications. New Jersey Wiley 2014. p. 25—42. 

Hegstad K, Langsrud S, Lunestad BT, Scheie AA, Sunde M, Yazdankhah SP. Does the wide use of quaternary ammonium compounds enhance the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance and thus threaten our health Microb Drug Resist 2010 16(2) 91-104. 

MARAN, Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic usage in animals in The Netherlands, 2004 to 2009, available at http //www. cidc-lelystad.nl. 

DAS, A., SAHA, D., and PAL, J. (2009) Antimicrobial resistance and in vitro gene transfer in bacteria isolated from the ulcers of EUS-affected fish in India. Letters in Applied Microbiology 49 497-502. 

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