Antimicrobial activity against Proteus mirabilis

Some empirical uses of S. sclarea suggest that its essential oil, like many essential oils of the Lamiaceae family, has an inhibitory effect on microorganisms pathogenic to man. Ulubelen et al. [51] examined the antimicrobial activity of some diterpenes and sesquiterpenes found in an acetone extract of S. sclarea. They found that 2, 3-dehydrosalvipisone, sclareol, manool, 7-oxoroyleanone, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide were active against Staphylococcus aureus 2, 3- dehydrosalvipisone and manool were active against Candida albicans and caryophyllene oxide was active against Proteus mirabilis. 

Other species in the Salvia genus have been shown to contain antimicrobial compounds. For example. Salvia sclarea was shown to contain various compounds which were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Proteus mirabilis (25), suggesting the possibility that. S, divinorum might be a source of unique antimicrobials as well. 

In one of our recent studies, we examined antimicrobial and antiviral activities of four flavonoid derivatives, namely, scandenone (5), tiliro-side (6), quercetin-3,7-O-a-L-dirhamnoside (7), and kaempferol 3,7-O-a-L-dirhamnoside (8) as shown in Fig. 2. These were tested against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter bau-mannii, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis, as well as the fungus Candida albicans by the microdilution method [26]. In addition, both DNA virus Herpes simplex (HSV) and RNA virus Parainfluenza (PI-3) were employed for antiviral assessment of the compounds using Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) and Vero cell lines. 

Many examples have been reported on the biosurfactants potential as anti-adhesive coatings. The amount of biofilm formed by Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in vinyl urethral catheters coated with surfactin was reduced as compared to the uncoated controls [124], Also, biosurfactants from probiotic lactobacilli successfully prevented the adhesion of uropatho-gens, and subsequent urogenital infections [19-21, 125], Biosurfactants from lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus ther-mophilus A and Lactococcus lactis 53) were effectively used to avoid microbial colonization of silicone rubber voice prosthe-ses, thus their premature failure [26,27]. These bacterial [22] and Lactobacillus paracasei [126] biosurfactants were found to possess antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activity against... 

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