Antimalarial drugs malaria

Pinworm is a helminHi infection that is universally common most oHier helminth infections are predomi-lianHy found in countries or areas of the world that lack proper sanitary facilities. Malaria is rare in the United States, but it is sometimes seen in individuals who have traveled to or lived in areas where this disease is a healtii problem. The first antimalarial drug, quinine, is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. Amebiasis is seen Hiroughout the world, but it is less common in developed countries where sanitary facilities prevent Hie spread of the causative organism. 

Malaria is transmitted from person to person by a certain species of the Anopheles mosquito. The four different protozoans causing malaria are Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. vivax. Drugp used to treat or prevent malaria are called anti malarial drags. Three antimalarial drugs are discussed in the chapter chloroquine, doxycycline, and quinine sulfate. Other examples of antimalarial drugs in use today are listed in the Summary Drug Table Antimalarial Drugs. 

When an antimalarial drug is given to a hospitalized patient for treatment of malaria, the preadministration assessment includes vital signs and a summary of the nature and duration of the symptoms. Laboratory tests may be ordered for the diagnosis of malaria Additional laboratory tests, such as a complete blood count, may be ordered to determine the patient s general health status. 

When an antimalarial drug is used for prevention of malaria and taken once a week, die patient must take the drug on the same day each week. The program of prevention is usually started 1 week before departure to an area where malaria is prevalent. 

Malaria is still one of the world s most devastating infectious diseases. An estimated 270 million people are affected by the parasite every year, and close to 2 million children die. The most deadly species, Plasmodium falciparum, has become widely resistant to most of the available antimalarial drugs such as quinolines. 

Several excellent accounts have described the need which arose in World War II for new antimalarial drugs, and the chemical reasoning which led to the synthesis of Paludrine (l-p-chlorophenyl-5-isopropylbiguanide) (742, 746, 545). Curd, Davey and Rose (142) found that both Paludrine and its 5-methyl-homologue showed antimalarial activity in chicks and birds chnical trials demonstrated their activity in man. Paludrine presently proved (2) to be of considerable therapeutic value in the prevention and cure of acute human malaria (475). Animal experiments (ducks) indicated (178, 421) that Paludrine was most effectively administered in the diet in order to maintain a suitable concentration in the blood. 

In this chapter, we discuss the important role played by some key natural products in malaria chemotherapy. We focus on naturally occurring secondary metabolites that had substantially affected the control and treatment of malaria. Advances in the total synthesis of these compounds and derivatives, and their implications in new strategies for the development of new generation of antimalarial drugs are also discussed. 

Antimalarial drugs are designed to prevent or treat malaria. Antimalarial drugs currently used for treatment for prophylaxis are mefloquine, primaquine, chloroquine, pyrimethamine, amodiaquin, quinine/quinidine, chloroguanide. 

Other antimalarial drugs The malaria parasite is sensitive to many different gronps of drugs, and different combinations of drugs are used depending on each specific case. 

Malaria is the cause for approximately 20% of child deaths in Africa and for more than 1 million deaths around the world each year. The appearance and spread of drug resistance of the Plasmodium falciparum parasites to common antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, have posed the urgent challenge of developing effective, safe and affordable antimalarial drugs. 

This pro-drug approach provides a paradigm for future antimalarial drug discovery efforts in the sense that this approach can be extended to any protease inhibitor that contains a carbonyl group as the reactive protease inhibitor warhead . Simply masking the carbonyl group within a trioxane or endoperoxide provides a unique and selective mechanism for targeting the malaria parasite by two different mechanisms . ... 

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