Antiinflammatory medicines

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) such antibiotics, antiinflammatory medicines, blood lipid regulators, pain medication, and fragrances (129,130)... 

Cytokines, eg, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and certain growth factors, could have antitumor activity directiy, or may modulate cellular mechanisms of antitumor activity (2). Cytokines may be used to influence the proliferation and differentiation of T-ceUs, B-ceUs, macrophage—monocyte, myeloid, or other hematopoietic cells. Alternatively, the induction of interferon release may represent an important approach for synthetic—medicinal chemistry, to search for effective antiinflammatory and antifibrotic agents. Inducers of interferon release may also be useful for lepromatous leprosy and chronic granulomatous disease. The potential cytokine and cytokine-related therapeutic approaches to treatment of disease are summarized in Table 4. A combination of cytokines is a feasible modaUty for treatment of immunologically related diseases however, there are dangers inherent in such an approach, as shown by the induction of lethal disserninated intravascular coagulation in mice adrninistered TNF-a and IFN-y. 

Efforts toward producing synthetic steroids, particularly cortisol, expanded during World War II to enable researchers to explore the possibiUty of medicinal appHcations of corticosteroids. In 1948, the discovery that cortisone dramatically alleviates the symptoms of arthritis led to intensive research on the antiinflammatory properties of corticosteroids. The development of partial and total syntheses for the commercial preparation of cortisone, alternative methods for producing cortisone, and the search for more potent antiinflammatory analogues gready stimulated both academic and industrial steroid research. 

The uses of corticosteroid antiinflammatory dmgs in veterinary medicine are many and varied. In the intact animal, the glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids are produced in the adrenal glands. Exogenous compounds are, therefore, used for their glucogenic physiologic effect in cases where the... 

Apart from the use and need as fragrances, the resins are marketed for medicinal use as antiarthritic and antiinflammatory pharmaceutical products. The pharmacological effects are mainly attributed to the presence of the nonvolatile pen-tacyclic triterpenoid boswellic acids. This class of ingredients is not present in the actual valuable B. frereana species hence, B. frereana plays no part in the pharmaceutical area. 

The purported prophylactic use of Japanese herbal medicines to combat neuronal ageing has been related to their free-radical scavenging activity (Hiramatsu a al., 1992). Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory effects of cytokine interleukin-1 by recombinant endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in experimental rats is associated with alleviation of excitotoxic neuronal damage, an action which has also been related to the antiinflammatory effect of lipocortin 1 (Relton and Roth well, 1992). 

Lipid-lowering agents, 40 (2002) 1 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors and their antiinflammatory activities, 29 (1992) 1 Literature of medicinal chemistry, 6 (1969) 266... 

The compounds of medicinal interest in this group so far have all been nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents or analgesics. The prototype is benzydamine (55).15 An interesting alternate synthesis of this substance starts by sequential reaction of... 

Leprosy, chemotherapy, 20 (1983) 1 Ligand-receptor binding, 23 (1986) 41 Linear free energy, 10 (1974) 205 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors and their antiinflammatory activities, 29 (1992) 1 Literature of medicinal chemistry, 6 (1969) 66 Lithium, medicinal use of, 11 (1975) 193 Local anaesthetics, 3 (1963) 332 Lonidamine and related compounds, 21 (1984)111... 

Other inhibitors of COX are collected under the general term nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NS AlDs). Several of these are available OTC, including ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and ketoprofen (Orudis). About 25 drugs in this class have been approved for use in cliiucal medicine in the United States, including the four just mentioned. Others are available by prescription only. 

Quercetin and a selection of naturally occurring prenylated flavonoids used as antiinflammatory agents in Chinese medicine were also tested for their ability to inhibit the... 

Many 1,2,3,5-benzenetetrol derivatives are used medicinally. For example, khellin [82-02-0] (65), which is a naturally occurring benzopyranone, is used as a coronary vasodilator and bronchodHator (233). Derivatives of khellin are effective local anesthetics and antiarrythmics (234). Similady, amine derivatives (68) that are prepared from khellinone oxime (66) exhibit hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, cardiac analeptic, diuretic, and antiulcerous activity (235) (see Analgesics, antipyretics, and ANniNFLAMMATORY agents). 

Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger— an herbal medicinal product with broad antiinflammatory actions. J Med Food. 2005 8 125-132. 

The traditional Chinese herbal medicine Shin-i is highly praised for its antiinflammatory effect [80]. Magnoshinin 164 (Scheme 12.24), isolated from the dry flower buds of Magnolia ulicifolia, has been shown to be the lignan responsible for this interesting biological property [81]. 

The development of aspirin was a significant landmark in the history of medicine because it stimulated the development of a family of medicines, collectively known as the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and sulindac are valuable drugs used for the alleviation of pain, inflammation, and fever, and they are commonly prescribed for the treatment of rheumatoid disorders such as arthritis. The world market for NSAIDs now exceeds 6 billion (Vainio and Morgan, 1997). 

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of antidepressant that stimulates the pineal gland s ability to produce melatonin. Antipsychotic drugs also have this effect. Other medicines have the opposite effect. Certain types of medicines used to treat cardiovascular disease called beta blockers reduce the production of melatonin by the pineal gland. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatories, which are used to treat pain and/or fever,... 

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