Antibiotics tuberculosis

Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. There are many antibiotics available, but they fall into three major groups based on their mode of action inhibitors of bacterial nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors of cell wall synthesis and inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. Resistance of bacteria to commonly-used antibiotics has become a major problem necessitating the development of new antibiotics. Tuberculosis infection is difficult to treat and requires a combination of at least three different antibiotics. 

Serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics Tuberculosis and leprosy... 

Before the emergence of effective antibiotics, tuberculosis meant a death sentence to many since there was no cure, earning the name the great white plague. English romantic poet John Keats, Polish composer Frederic Chopin, and British movie star Vivien Leigh were all inflicted with and died of tuberculosis. So many artists were inflicted with tuberculosis at the time that it was considered romantic and attractive to be tubercular. In fact, it was most likely the urban setting that spread tuberculosis bacteria in the air more readily than rural areas. 

Before the discovery of streptomycin, pyrazinamide (126) was one of the front runners in the treatment of tuberculosis. A broad spectrum of biological activity has been associated with pyrazine derivatives, ranging from the herbicidal activity of (127) to antibiotic activity... 

The thiophene analog of chloramphenicol (255) has been synthesized,as also have been similar structures. The antibacterial activity of all was much lower than that of the natural antibiotic. The thioamide of 2-thenoic acid has been prepared in a study of potential antitubercular compounds. It did not surpass thioisonico-tinamide in antitubercular activity. The thiosemicarbazones of thio-phenealdehydes and ketones (cf. Section VII,D) show high activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but are very toxic. The thiosemi-carbazone of 4-(2-thienyl)-3-buten-2-one has been reported to be capable of completely inhibiting the in vitro growth of M. tuberculosis even in relatively low concentrations. ... 

Control of tuberculosis, long one of the scourges of mankind, began with the introduction of effective antibacterial agents. Thus, this disease was treated initially with some small measure of success with various sulfa drugs the advent of the antibiotic, streptomycin, provided a major advance in antitubercular therapy, as did the subsequent discovery of isoniazid and its analogs. 

Although the advent of the antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, tuberculosis has proven unusually resistant to chemotherapeutic attack. Although many antibiotics are effective to some extent in arresting the progress of... 

The glucocorticoids are contraindicated in patients widi serious infections, such as tuberculosis and fungal and antibiotic-resistant infections. 

C.4 Valinomycin is an antibiotic that has been used to treat tuberculosis. Valinomycin contains atoms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 9 15 1 3. Its molecules each have 18 oxygen atoms. Write the chemical formula of valinomycin. 

The article translated by H. Umezawa, with other related papers, was widely distributed to many universities and institutes, and this, with the establishment of the Penicillin Committee, opened the door for antibiotics in Japan. Hamao s premonition that microbes would be a mysterious box, full of hitherto unknown and valuable compounds, was very exciting. He was dissatisfied with the Japanese medical world at the time, which laid emphasis on the diagnosis and elucidation of diseases, but not on effective cure of patients having, for example, tuberculosis. 

Kanamycin (a complex of three antibiotics. A, B and C) is active in low concentrations against various Gram-positive (including penicillin-resistant staphylococci) and Gram-negative bacteria. It is a recognized second-line dmg in the treatment of tuberculosis. 

Analogous deoxygenations were carried out with antibiotics such as nargenicin,[42] fortimicin,[43] seldomycin,[44 erythromycin,[45H47] with baccatin (taxol group),[48] the triquinane hirsuten,[49] the tuberculosis inhibitor a-C-mannobioside,[49a] and the steroids alisol,[50] and progesterone.[51]... 

Albino male guinea pigs were infected by subcutaneous injection of 0.001 mg of bacterial (M. tuberculosis) coating and treated with rifamycins by oral route immediately after the infection. The antibiotic treatment lasted 4 months, after which the animals were sacrificed and inguinal lymph nodes, spleen, liver and lungs examined to quantify the severity of the disease according to Feldman [75],... 

Since rifamycins are important drugs for the treatment of M. tuberculosis infection [36, 86, 87] the activity of rifaximin on and interference with this bacterium have been carefully studied. Indeed, a potential problem of the treatment with this antibiotic is represented by the possibility that even very low blood levels achieved by oral administration might be able to select mutants, cross-resistant to rifamycins [85], in patients treated for GI infections and harboring M. tuberculosis. 

Mycobacteria are also killed in vitro, as expected from an antibiotic sharing the properties of the rifamycin family [24], In a study by Soro et al. [25], the MIC of rifaximin was determined for five Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with tuberculosis. MIC concentrations were studied at 6, 20, 90 and 270 pg/ml, respectively. No resistant organisms were found. Growing M. tuberculosis in the presence of varying doses of rifaximin did not induce the occurrence of rifampicin-resistant strains [25]. In addition to this, experimental tubercular infection in the guinea pig was found not to be affected by an oral treatment course with rifaximin, therefore confirming the lack of absorption of the molecule after oral administration [26],... 

The answer is e. (Hardman, pp 1074—1076.) Penicillinase hydrolyzes the p-lactam ring of penicillin G to form inactive penicilloic acid. Consequently, the antibiotic is ineffective in the therapy of infections caused by penicillinase-producing microorganisms such as staphylococci, bacilli, E, call, P aeruginosa, and M tuberculosis,... 

Finally, several naturally occurring depsipeptide antibiotics containing the 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridazine or the hexahydropyridazine system have to be mentioned. In Japan, antrimycin (132, R = Me) has been isolated from Strepto-myces xanthocidicus MG125-CF1, which in vitro shows antibacterial activity (Mycobacterium smegmatis MIC 12.5 /rg/ml Mycobacterium tuberculosis MIC 50 /rg/ml) [366]. 

More recently, standard tuberculosis has become a common infection in AIDS patients. TB was largely eradicated in Western countries through public health measures and antibiotic treatments. However, recently there has been a resurgence of TB, due to a combination of several factors (1) immigration from areas where TB infection is still common (Asia and Latin America) (2) decline in public health funding and (3) AIDS patients, who are highly susceptible to TB infection and who in turn can transmit the bacterium. 

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