Anti thrombin

Ceprotin (human protein C concentrate) is an additional protein-based anticoagulant now approved for general medical use. Protein C is a 62 kDa glycoprotein synthesized in the liver but 

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In hormone replacement therapy, the risk of deep vein thrombosis is increased by a factor of 2-4 (35-37). The absolute increase in the treated population as a whole is low, with about one case of venous thromboembolism in 5000 women-years of use of hormone replacement therapy. However, in the subgroup with pre-existing risk factors, such as obesity, varicose veins, smoking, and a prior history of venous thromboembolism or superficial thrombophlebitis, the increase in risk from hormone replacement therapy can be substantial among these women are those with a genetic predisposition to thrombosis, generally due to some form of thrombophilia, such as deficiency of the coagulation inhibitors protein S, protein C, or anti thrombin III. In any of these subjects thrombosis can occur early in hormone replacement therapy. However, this tendency to early occurrence of deep vein thrombosis also seems to be present in all those who take hormone replacement therapy. 

Cao Y, Lundwall A, Gadaleanu V, Lilja H, Bjartell A. Anti-thrombin is expressed in the benign prostatic epithelium and in prostate cancer and is capable of forming complexes with prostate-specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein 2. Am J Pathol 2002 161 2053-2063. 

Heparin acts by binding to anti thrombin III, which serves as a major inhibitor of serine protease clotting enzymes. Abruptly ending heparin treatment can be hazardous because of reduced levels of antithrombin III. Coumarins, typified by warfarin, are structurally similar to vitamin K, which plays an important role in blood coagulation. By interfering with the function of vitamin K, vitamin K-dependent proteins such as clotting factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin are reduced. 

Anti-VEGF, anti-bFGF, anti-PDGF, anti-L-selectin, anti-P-selectin, anti-neutrophil elastase, anti-thrombin... 

The suitability of aptamers as in vivo imaging agents is demonstrated in references [39-41], who used anti-neutrophil elastase and anti-thrombin aptamers for imaging of inflammation and thrombus in vivo, respectively. 

These agents interact directly with thrombin and do not require anti-thrombin to have antithrombotic activity. They are capable of inhibiting both circulating and clot-bound thrombin, which is a potential advantage over UFH and the LMWHs. They also do not induce immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and are widely used for the treatment of HIT. 

Thrombin and factor Xa that have escaped into the blood flow are both inhibited by serpins, anti-thrombin III (ATIII) and heparin cofactor II (HCII). These proteins bind to heparin sulfate or dermatan sulfate (Sect. 6.3.1), glycosaminoglycans which are secreted onto the luminal surface of healthy endothelial cells and also released into the blood from mast cells activated by an injury. Among the heparin molecules is a pentaglycan sequence... 

Due to the lowered level of antithrombin 111 found in some families , or during treatment with heparin, it has been suggested that the intravenous administration of purified anti-thrombin III would be beneficial... 

Structures of mammalian glycosaminoglycans the anti-thrombin-binding pentasaccharide in heparin/HS, a CS polysaccharide, and a mammalian HA. [Reproduced with permission from K. Lidholt, Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans in mammalian cells and in bacteria. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25 866 (1997).]... 

Determination of the activity (functional concentration) of anti thrombin... 

Calmodulin Rat thrombosis Psychosis anti-thrombin Calmodulin 296, 297... 

L. Gugliotta, A. D Angelo, M. Mattioli-Belmonte, et al. Hypercoagulability during 1-asparaginase treatment the effect of anti thrombin III supplementation in vivo. Br. J. Haematol. 74 465 (1990). 

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