Anti-carbohydrate antibodies types

With the advent of affinity chromatography to isolate enzymes [7] it was possible to adapt the method for the isolation of antibodies [8], The purification of many types of anti-carbohydrate antibodies with specificity for carbohydrate residues of macromolecules has been achieved. The antibodies were isolated by affinity chromatography on adsorbents with proper ligands. The immunodeterminants of the antigens have been found to be mono- or disaccharide residues of the antigen. The anti-carbohydrate antibodies with unique properties are useful in a variety of medicinal and technological applications. In this article the emphasis is on polyclonal antibodies specifically the preparation, properties and uses of anti-carbohydrate antibodies. 

TYPES OF ANTI-CARBOHYDRATE ANTIBODIES General Comments... 

Guar is a polysaccharide of galacto-mannan type [59], Guar was used to immunize rabbits to produce anti-carbohydrate antibodies. Inhibition experiments showed that galactose was an inhibitor but the mannose was not. Guar was subjected to periodate oxidation [37] and to oxidation by galactose oxidase [51], and in both cases the oxidized guar did not react with the... 

Antibodies directed against recombinant erythropoietin have been obtained from rabbits immunized with the hormone and Freunds complete adjuvant [64], Two sets of antibodies are present in the serum of rabbits that have been immunized, Fig. (3C). The results of oxidation of the erythropoietin with periodate, Fig. (25A), reaction of the antibodies with lectins of known carbohydrate specificity, Fig. (25B) and inhibition of the antibodies with the structural monosaccharide residues of the hormone, Fig. (26), have established the types of antibodies to be anti-carbohydrate antibodies and the immunodeterminants for these antibodies are oligosaccharides with the following structure N-acetyl neuraminyl a(2->3)... 

Immunization procedures vary and are dependent on type of antigen to be used, duration of immunization process, and the amounts of immune product needed. The antigen suspension may be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. The amount of antigen injected can range from 1 to 200 mg. The quantity is determined by the availability of and the potency of the antigen. The time schedule also varies. Protocols for the three types of immunizations used to produce anti-carbohydrate antibodies are recorded in the following. 

Because of the lipase deficiency, fat-soluble vitamin (A, D, E, and K) deficiencies may occur. Whether lipase activity or bile acids (e.g., in micelle formation) are involved in fat-soluble vitamin absorption with steatorrhea is unclear. Vitamin and zinc deficiencies also may occur as aresult of pancreatic enzyme deficiency. Although pancreatic involvement is predominantly exocrine in nature, insulin deficiency with glucose intolerance also occurs in CF patients, especially as they advance in age. Carbohydrate intolerance is characterized by low insulin concentrations and enhanced peripheral sensitivity to insulin but not by the presence of islet cell or anti-insulin antibodies. Carbohydrate intolerance in CF is not usually associated with the ketosis as commonly occurs in type 1 diabetes. This complication involves an increase in the number of insulin receptors with decreased affinity for insulin. Despite a concomitant increase in tissue affinity for insulin, 8% of CF children over 12 years of age require insulin therapy. 

Later, ELISA was used in an attempt to quantify the binding affinities of the newly synthesized a-gal-containing carbohydrate polymers 60 to anti-Gal antibodies [183]. Purified human (male, blood type AB) anti-Gal antibody was the primary antibody and mouse laminin as a natural source of a-gal were employed in the protocol. The concentrations of a-gal polymers at 50% inhibition (IC50) of anti-Gal antibody binding to a-gal epitopes on mouse laminin were quantified, and the IC50 data were summarized (Table 3). 

---