Anti-asthma drugs

Discuss important preadministration and ongoing assessment activities the nurse should perform on the patient taking the bronchodilators or anti asthma drugs. 

List some nursing diagnoses particular to a patient taking a bronchodilator or an anti asthma drug. 

SUM MARY DRUG TABLE ANTI ASTHMA DRUGS... 

And finally, Structure 5.2 and Spectrum 5.8 show a classic example of a 1,2,4 tri-substituted benzene ring, (a well known anti-asthma drug, salbutamol). Obviously, the scope for variation in these systems is vast ... 

Shafiee, A., Motamedi, H. and King, A., Purification, characterization and immobilization of an NADPH-dependent enzyme involved in the chiral specific reduction of the keto ester M, an intermediate in the s3mthesis of an anti-asthma drug, montelukast, from Microbacterium campoquemadoensis (MB5614). App/. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 1998, 49, 709-717. 

It is important to include all age ranges that are of clinical importance. Development of an anti-asthma drug, for example, should include a programme of evaluation in children as well as adults because they will form a significant portion of the database and risk-benefit considerations will be different. Development of an anti-arthritis compound, on the other hand, will be undertaken predominantly in older patients and particularly detailed information on efficacy and safety in the elderly will be required. 

Application of Chiral Antiproduct intermediate schiztosomiadal drug Anti-asthma drug Prepolymer Chiral intermediate... 

A good example is 21 needed for the synthesis of the GSK anti-asthma drug salbutamol 20. This ketone 21 could be made by a Friedel-Crafts acylation of 22, which turns out to be salicylic acid, with acetyl chloride. 

The anti-asthma drug salbutamol 64, better known as GSK s Ventolin , is closely related to adrenaline 65. The extra carbon atom, marked with a black blob in 64, prevents dangerous side effects on the heart and the t-butyl group makes the drug longer lasting. 

It is known that the antibiotic rifampicin increases the amount of drug metabolizing enzyme present in the liver and consequently increases the rate of elimination of a wide range of other drugs. This experiment is designed to detect whether rifampicin affects the metabolic removal of the anti-asthma drug theophylline. Any such interaction could be of real practical importance. A marked increase in the elimination of theophylline would result in inadequate treatment of the patient s asthma. 

Chemists at Glaxo exploited this reactivity sequence in their synthesis of the anti-asthma drug, salmefamol (sister of the best seller salbutamol, which will be discussed in Chapter 25). Three reducing agents are used in the sequence sodium borohydride (NaBH lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) and hydrogen gas over a palladium catalyst. 

Generic name zileuton Trade name Zyflo anti-asthma drug... 

Ezeamuzie Cl, Al-Hage M. Effects of some anti-asthma drugs on human eosinophil superoxide anions release and degranulation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998 115(2) 162-8. 

Erjefalt, I. and Persson, C.G.A. (1985). Anti-asthma drugs and capsaicine-induced microvascular effect in lower airways. Agents Actions 16, 9-10. 

Persson, C.G.A., Erjefalt, 1. and Andersson, P. (1986b). Leakage of macromolecules from guinea-pig tracheobronchial microcirculation. Effects of allergen, leukotrienes, tachykinins, and anti-asthma drugs. Acta Physiol. Scand. 127, 95-105. 

Buckle DR, Smith H. Development of Anti-asthma Drugs. London Butterworths, 1984 159-183. 

While only steroids against asthma come high on the above lists, the chemical class as a whole plays an unusual role, being the active component of oral contraceptives some anti-asthma drugs some anti-inflammatories and conjugated estrogenic hormone, taken as hormone replacement therapy by meno-pansal women. Some other chemical classes resemble steroids in being therapentically active in a nnmber of areas, and the most important of these are shown in Table 45.3. 

This sequence of reactions is used to make a precursor to the anti-asthma drug montelukast(Singulair). Suggest structures for compounds A and B. 

Figure 15-12. Reduction of a ketone by Microbacterium campoquemadoensis (MB5614) in a synthesis of the anti-asthma drug, Montelukast1711.

Describe the uses, general drug adion, general adverse readions, contraindications, precautions, and interactions of the bronchodilators and anti asthma drugs. 

Another example ss compound (12) needed for the synthesis of the anti-asthma drug Saibntamol (13). The acid (12) can obviously be made by a Friedel-Crafts reaction on saJicyclic acid. 

The quinolizinium ion occurs naturally only rarely, for example as a fused ylide in the alkaloid sempervirine, however there are hundreds of indole alkaloids which have the same tetracyclic system, but with the quinolizine at an octahydro-level, in addition, many simpler quinolizidine alkaloids, such as lupinine, are known. Amongst synthetic compounds the anti-asthma drug Pemirolast is an aza-analogue. 

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