Anthocyanin biosynthesis

Ogata, J. et ah. Plant biochemistry anthocyanin biosynthesis in roses. Nature 435, 757, 2005. 

WALKER, A.R., DAVISON, P.A., BOLOGNESI-WINFIELD, A.C., JAMES, C.M., SRINIVASAN, N., BLUNDELL, T.L., ESCH, J.J., MARKS, M.D., GRAY, J.C., The TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 locus, which regulates trichome differentiation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, encodes a WD40 repeat protein, Plant Cell,... 

MOL, J., JENKINS, G., SCHAFER, E., WEISS, D., Signal perception, transduction, and gene expression involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 1996, 15, 525-557. 

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Black Soybean for the Visual Identification of Transgenic Grains ... 

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis, Flux, and Accumulation in Black Soybean... 

The W1 locus encodes flavonoid 3 5 -hydroxylase F3 5 H) [21]. F3 5 H diverts metabolic flux into the blue delphinidin branch of anthocyanin biosynthesis (Fig. 4.1). In the absence of F3 H activity (f), Wi and recessive wl give imperfect black and buff seed colors, respectively [10]. However, in black seeds, F3 H (T) phenotypically masks Wl. In contrast to its role in seeds, Wl has a prominent role in flower colors, as delphinidin-based anthocyanins are the major pigments in purple soybean flowers [22, 23]. Interestingly, F3 5 H is expressed at very low levels in flowers and seeds [21]. This suggests that, out of the two branch-point genes (i.e., F3 H and F3 5 H), it is the strong expression of F3 H in seed coats and weak expression in the flowers that determines preferential accumulation of cyanidin-based and delphinidin-based anthocyanins in these respective tissues [21]. 

Stitch K, Eidenberger T, Wurst F, Forkmann G (1992) Flavonol synthase activity and the regulation of flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis during flower development in Dianthus caryophyllus. Z Naturforsch 47C 553-560... 

HeUer W, Britsch L, Eorkmann G, Grisebach H (1985) Leucoanthocyanidins as intermediates in anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers of Matthiola incana. R. Br. Planta 163(2) 191-196... 

HeUer W, Forkmann G, Britsch L, Grisebach H (1985) Enzymatic reduction of (+)-dihydroflavonols to flavan-3,4-cu-diols with flower extracts from Matthiola incana and its role in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Planta 165(2) 284-287... 

Some species contain a closely related enzyme activity to DFR that can act on tlavanones, termed the flavanone 4-reductase (FNR), which may represent a variant DFR form. This is discussed in more detail in Section 3.4.7. 5-Deoxyleucoanthocyanidin compounds are known to occur in legumes, and analysis of two recombinant DFR proteins (MtDFRl and MtDFR2) from Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) has found activity on the 5-deoxyDHF substrates fustin and dihydrorobinetin. Indeed, fustin was the preferred substrate of both recombinant enzymes. MtDFRl and MtDFR2 showed distinct enzyme characteristics, and overexpression of MtDFRl but not MtDFR2 promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers of N. tabacum. 

Regulation of anthocyanin production involves transcriptional activators of the R2R3 MYB and the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) (or MYC) types (Table 3.2). This was first revealed by studies of the monocot Z. mays. It was found that the anthocyanin pathway is turned on in this species through the combined action of one member of the COLORED ALEURONEl (C1)/PURPLE PLANT (PL) MYB family and one member of the REDl (R)/BOOSTERl (B) bHLH family. The members of the MYB and bHLH families are functionally redundant, and their specific expression patterns enable spatial and temporal control of anthocyanin biosynthesis. 

Except for MYB.Ph2, PI, and P2, the other TFs normally function as regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis. 

Nakajima, J.-I. et al.. Reaction mechanism from leucoanthocyanidin to anthocyanidin 3-glucoside, a key reaction for coloring in anthocyanin biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem., Tib, 25797, 2001. 

Welford, R.W.D. et al., Evidence for oxidation at C-3 of the flavonoid C-ring during anthocyanin biosynthesis. Chem. Commun., 1828, 2001. 

Fukuchi-Mizutani, M. et al.. Biochemical and molecular characterization of a novel UDP-gluco-se anthocyanin 3 -0-glucosyltransferase, a key enzyme for blue anthocyanin biosynthesis, from gentian. Plant Physiol, 132, 1652, 2003. 

Mathews, H. et al.. Activation tagging in tomato identifies a transcriptional regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, modification, and transport. Plant Cell, 15, 1689, 2003. 

Yamazaki, M. et al.. Regulatory mechanisms for anthocyanin biosynthesis in chemotypes of Perilla frutescens var. crispa. Biochem. Eng. J., 14, 191, 2003. 

Kobayashi, S. et al., M>>Z)-related genes of the Kyoho grape Vitis labruscana) regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. Planta, 215, 924, 2002. 

Walker, A.R. et al.. The TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRAl locus, which regulates trichome differentiation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, encodes a WD40 repeat protein. Plant Cell, 11, 1337, 1999. 

Sompornpailin, K. et al., A WD-repeat-containing putative regulatory protein in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Perilla frutescens. Plant Mol Biol, 50, 485, 2002. 

Hattori, T. et al., The Viviparous-1 gene and abscisic acid activate the Cl regulatory gene for anthocyanin biosynthesis during seed maturation in maize. Genes Dev., 6, 609, 1992. 

Ramsay, N.A. et ah. Two basic helix-loop-helix genes (MYC-146 and GL3) from Arabidopsis can activate anthocyanin biosynthesis in a white-flowered Matthiola incana mutant. Plant Mol Biol, 52, 679, 2003. 

Gong, Z.Z. et al., A constitutively expressed Myc-like gene involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis from Perilla frutescens molecular characterization, heterologous expression in transgenic plants and transactivation in yeast cells. Plant Mol Biol, 41, 33, 1999. 

Suzuki, K. et al., Elower color modifications of Torenia hybrida by cosuppression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Mol Breed., 6, 239, 2000. 

Park, K.-I. et al.. An intragenic tandem duplication in a transcriptional regulatory gene for anthocyanin biosynthesis confers pale-colored flowers and seeds with fine spots in Ipomoea tricolor. Plant J., 38, 840, 2004. 

Flavonol synthesis occurs in two main periods the first one around flowering and the second after the main period of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In the latter phase, flavonol accumulation is highly dependent on environmental factors and, in particular, much increased by sun exposure of the berries. ... 

---