Anodic stripping analysis

Experimental details on the anodic stripping analysis of metals such as Bi, Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Sb and Sn in Cu at the HMDE, and Ag in Cd at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), have been given by Verbeek and co-workers122. 

Clem, R.G. and A.F. Sciamanna. 1975. Styrene impregnated, cobalt-60 irradiated, graphite electrode for anodic stripping analysis. Anal. Chem. 47 276-280. 

The transformation of metal-electrode surfaces via electrooxidation to their metallooxides, solvated ions, and metal complexes is fundamental to most anodic electrochemical processes (batteries, electrorefining, anodic-stripping analysis, and reference electrodes). Although this is traditionally represented as the removal of one (or more) electrons from a metal atom at the electrode... 

The determination or investigation of inorganic components is relatively seldom carried out in pharmaceutical chemistry. It occurs, for example, in the determination of heavy-metal impurities in chemicals or pharmaceuticals, originally by d.c. polarographic methods, but anodic stripping analysis as described at the beginning of this chapter would be more convenient, or the determination of zinc present in zinc-protamine-insulin as prescribed by the Czechoslovak pharmacopeia [197]. 

Mercury film electrode An electrode that has been coated with a thin layer of mercury used in place of a hanging mercury drop electrode in anodic stripping analysis. 

Figure 11.8.5 Anodic stripping analysis of a solution containing 2 X 10 M Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu at an MFE (mercury-plated, wax-impregnated graphite electrode). Stripping carried out by differential pulse voltammetry.

G. MAMANTOV, P. PAPOFF and P. DELAHAY publish on anodic stripping analysis with hanging mercury drop electrodes employing current and potential step methods (1957) J Am Chem Soc 79 4034... 

A complete review of the theory, apparatus, and experimental conditions for anodic-stripping analysis of the metals with some practical procedures has been given (77 ). Electroanalytical methods (775) and electrochemical preconcentration techniques (776) have been reviewed with respect to trace analysis and with respect to water analysis (777). 

Anodic stripping analysis The accumulation is usually carried out by the electrolysis at controlled potential for a definite time, t cc under reproducible mass-transport conditions. The deposition potential, E, imposed to the working electrode should be adjusted at the potential adequate to the plateau of the reduction voltammetric wave characteristic for the test metal (see Figs. 62A and 62B for a mixture of two tested species). Before adjusting the experiment, it is recommended to know the solubility data and diffusion coefficients of metals in mercury and their half-wave potentials (see Table 4). 

Fig. 62. Scheme of potential-time and current-time dependences in anodic stripping analysis, (a) Ed potential during the deposition period E 1/2 and E"/2 half-wave potentials of two test substances, Ef the final potential t p rest period, tj stripping period. (B) Current-time dependence during the LSV stripping step, IJ, and I" peak heights of the test substances. 

Wojciechowski, M., Go, W. and Osteryoung, J. (1985) Square-wave anodic-stripping analysis in the presence of dissolved-oxygen. AnoZyficaZ Chemistry, 57, 155—158. 

Fli 113 (a) The E-t sequenoe for anodic stripping analysis, (bj An anodic stripping... 

The onset potential for the observation of the spikes corresponded closely to the peak potential recorded if the same Ag nanoparticles were immobilised on a glassy carbon electrode (as in Sect. 8.3.1 above) and subjected to anodic stripping analysis (Fig. 8.7b). Furthermore, in the former experiments the frequency of the measured... 

---