Square wave anodic stripping

Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry was employed by Komorsky-Lovric [107] for the determination of bismuth in seawater. A bare glassy-carbon rotating disk electrode was preconditioned at -0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl, prior to concentration of bismuth. The method was applied to seawater in the 12 ng/1 range. 

Fig. 3.2 Sono-square-wave anodic stripping voltammetric traces for an insonated deposition of 60 s at —1.5 V. Traces show background corrected standard additions to sono-solvent extracted laked horse blood solution (test solution 0.05%, by volume-blood). Each 10 (tl addition corresponds to an increase in copper concentration of 0.22 pg/1. Calibration graph shown inset (R = 0.9972) gives concentration of 1.637 mg/1 (reprinted from [64] with permission)...

The analytical use of GECE modified in situ by using bismuth solution for square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) of heavy metals is also studied [36]. The use of this novel format is a simpler alternative to the use of mercury for analysis of trace levels of heavy metals. The applicability of these new surface-modified GECE to real samples (tap water and soil samples) is presented. 

A common approach used in a number of investigations is to modify the SPCE with a thin film of Hg. Recently, Palchetti et al. [152] have reported on the use of an SPCE modified with a thin film of Hg and cellulose (Methocel) for the determination of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+, using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Detection limits of 0.3, 1 and 0.5 pgl-1 were obtained for Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+, respectively deoxygenation of sample solution was found unnecessary. In all cases, linearity ranging from lpgl 1 to lmgl-1 and correlations of 0.9998 for Cd and Pb, and 0.9987 for Cu were obtained. 

MCPE = magnet carbon paste electrode, SWASV = square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, ASV = anodic stripping voltammetry, PSA = potentiometric stripping analysis, SPEs = screen-printed electrodes, TFGE = thick-film graphite electrode, GCE = glassy carbon electrode. 

Figure 8.3 Schematic representation of copper concentrations relevant to freshwater studies and analytical windows of several analytical techniques. ASV, anodic stripping voltammetry CSV, cathodic stripping voltammetry ISE, ion selective electrode SLM, supported liquid membrane SWASV, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry LC50, lethal concentration for 50% of the population [Cu]t, total metal concentration (adapted from Langford and Gutzman, 1992).

Martinotti, W., Queirazza, G., Guarinoni, A. and Mori, G. (1995) In-flow speciation of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in fresh waters by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry Part II. Optimization of measurement step. Anal. Chim. Acta, 305, 183-191. 

Feldman BJ, Oserioh JD, Hata BH, D Alessandro A. Determination of lead in blood by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry at a carbon disk ultramicroelectrode. Anal Chem 1994 66 1983-7. 

The aim of this work is to demonstrate how the screen printed electrodes (SPEs) can be used for on site heavy metals monitoring in surface waters in the frame of the WFD. The sensors used consist of mercury-coated screen-printed electrodes coupled with square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) (Palchetti et al., 1999). Three metals Cu, Cd, and Pb which are classically analysed in water matrices have been considered. Moreover, Cd and Pb belong to the priority substances list of the WFD. Performance criteria of the device are first established to evaluate the level of confidence of the method. The potential use of the device and its main advantages are then highlighted through two illustrative field applications. 

It is used in combination with square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) using a PalmSens portable instrument (Palm Instrument BV, Houten, The Netherlands) for the measurement of metals such as Cu (II), Cd (II) and Pb (II) (labile metallic complexes and free metals) in water. These disposable sensors require no calibration for use in the screening mode, so, many samples may be tested for the presence or the absence of metals in water. The quantification can also be performed using the standard addition method in less than 15 min. 

The results for Cd, Cu and Pb in RM05 and RM12 were obtained with Palmsens - Screen Printed Electrode Voltametric Sensor (Simultaneous determination with square wave anodic stripping voltametry - SWASV) with standard addition... 

Screening methods for Water data InFormaTion in support of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive Water Framework Directive Screening Methods/Emerging Tools Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assays Quality Control/Quality Assurance Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltametry... 

SWASV Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry... 

Fig. 1 Square wave anodic stripping voltammograms of aqueous solutions of Pedigree beer following deposition ...

Fig. 2 Square wave anodic stripping voltammogram of 10% by volume whole blood in 0.1 M nitric acid on a glassy carbon electrode following deposition at —1.5 V for ...

Fig. 3 Variation in square wave anodic stripping peak currents from a dilute solution of rainbow trout mucous in 0.1 M nitric acid at a glassy carbon electrode for (a) copper at varying deposition potentials and ultrasound intensity (b) lead at varying deposition potentials and ultrasound intensity.

Petrovic SC, King DF, and Dewald HD (1998) Electrochemical detection in thin-layer chromatography (TEC). A review on application of direct on-plate square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry for TEC. Electroanalysis 6 393-398. 

Fig. 6.22 Cyclic voltammetric responses of 0.5 mM As(III) in 0.1 M HCl at bare An electrode solid line), at carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (dashed line), and at Au nanoparticles/CNTs (dash dotted line) modified glassy carbon electrodes 0.1 Vs potential scan rate. Inset reports square wave anodic stripping voltammetric responses in 10-70 iiM As(III) solutions (pre-deposition —0.4 V vs. saturated calomel electrode for 120 s stripping /=50 Hz, s = 20 mV, AEs = 2 mV) (Adapted with permission of the authors. Reprinted from Ref. [222] with the permission of Elsevier)...

Daniele, S., Baldo, M.A., Ugo, P. and Mazzocchin, G.A. (1990) Voltammetric probe of milk samples by using a platinum microelectrode. Analytica Chimica Acta, 238, 357-366. Wojciechowski, M. and Balcerzak, J. (1991) Square-wave anodic-stripping voltammetry of lead and cadmium at cylindrical graphite fiber microelectrodes with in-situ plated mercury films. Analytica Chimica Acta, 249, 433-445. 

Wojciechowski, M., Go, W. and Osteryoung, J. (1985) Square-wave anodic-stripping analysis in the presence of dissolved-oxygen. AnoZyficaZ Chemistry, 57, 155—158. 

J.V. Kamat, S.K.G., Jisha S. Pillai, Suresh K. Aggarwal, Scope of detection and determination of gallium(III) in industrial groimd water by square wave anodic stripping voltammety on bismuth film electrode. Talanta, 2011. 86 p. 256-265... 

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