Anode rays

W. D. Bancroft and H. B. Weiser point out that the blue luminescence of sodium is obtained without the yellow luminescence (i) when sodium salts are introduced into a flame of hydrogen in chlorine (ii) when metallic sodium bums slowly in oxygen, chlorine, or bromine (iii) when a sodium salt is fused (iv) when cathode rays act on sodium chloride (v) when anode rays first act on sodium chloride (vi) when one heats the coloured residue obtained by the action of anode rays or cathode rays on sodium chloride and (vii) when sodium chloride is precipitated rapidly from aq. soln. with hydrochloric acid or alcohol. The yellow luminescence of sodium is obtained, accompanied by the fainter blue luminescence (i) when a sodium salt is introduced into the Bunsen flame (ii) when sodium burns rapidly in oxygen, chlorine, or bromine and (iii) when canal rays act on sodium chloride. It is claimed that the yellow luminescence is obtained when sodium vapour is heated but it is very difficult to be certain that no burning takes place under these conditions. 

W. N. Hartley 57 found the alkali chlorides in the oxyhydrogen blowpipe flame give lines of elements with a more or less continuous spectrum believed to be due to the respective metals. Lithium chloride, however, gives no continuous spectrum. G. P. Thomson studied the anode rays from lithium chloride and other alkali halides. 

E. GOLDSTEIN discovers anode rays (positive gas-phase ions) in gas discharge [13]. 

W. WIEN analyses anode rays by magnetic deflection and then establishes that these rays carried a positive charge [14], Nobel Prize in 1911. 

Canal Rays and Anode Rays (Positive Rays). 

Under certain conditions, positively charged rays issue also from the anode, consisting of ions which have been torn out of the atomic fabric of the anode rays of this sort are called anode rays ... 

Positive electricity has only been found associated with masses of atomic magnitude. Positive rays have been produced and studied it will suffice to mention a-rays of radioactive substances, anode rays and canal rays. The determination of ejm from deviation experiments gave the mass of the a-particles to be that of the helium atom for the particles of the anode rays the mass is that of the atom of the anode material, while for the particles of the canal rays the mass is that of an atom of the gas in the tube. We must therefore assume that each atom consists of a positive particle, at which is concentrated most of its mass, and of a number of electrons. In the neutral atom the number of the elementary... 

H. C. Jones calculated from the sp. gr., f.p., and conductivity data that soln. with M mols per litre have H mols of water in combination with a mol of the salt, when M is 0 1, 0-2, 0-3, and 0-4, H is respectively 20-5, 9-7, 6-5, and 7-9. A. Poirot found that the emission of anodic rays with purified sodium dichromate is regular and stable. The emission starts suddenly below the m.p. of the salt. The anode is surrounded by a yellowish ghmmer. There is an intense yellow spot on the cathode where it is hit by the anodic rays. The spectra of the anodic and cathodic lights... 

The principles that underlie mass spectrometry pre-date all of the other instrumental techniques described in this book. The fundamental principles date to the late 1890s when J. J. Thomson determined the mass-to-charge ratio of the electron, and Wien studied magnetic deflection of anode rays and determined the rays were positively charged. Each man was honored with the Nobel Prize (Thomson in 1906 and Wien in 1911) for their efforts. In 1912-1913, J. J. Thomson smdied the mass spectra of atmospheric gases and used a mass spectrum to demonstrate the existence of neon-22 in a sample of neon-20, thereby establishing that elements could have isotopes. The earUest mass spectrometer, as we know it today, was built by A. J. Danpster in 1918. However, the method of mass spectrometry did not come into common use until about 50 years ago, when inexpensive and reliable instruments became available. 

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