Canal rays

J. Stark (Greifswald) discovery of the Doppler effect on canal rays and of the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields. 

Kanal-jauche, /. (liquid) sewage, -ofen, m. tunnel kiln, -rohr, n. — Kanalisationsrohr. -strahl, m. canal ray, -trockner, m. tunnel drying oven, -wasser, n. sewage. 

The light from a radiating hydrogen atom in the canal rays at reduced pressures, is partially polarized and with the electric vector of the stronger component parallel to the bundle. 

W. D. Bancroft and H. B. Weiser point out that the blue luminescence of sodium is obtained without the yellow luminescence (i) when sodium salts are introduced into a flame of hydrogen in chlorine (ii) when metallic sodium bums slowly in oxygen, chlorine, or bromine (iii) when a sodium salt is fused (iv) when cathode rays act on sodium chloride (v) when anode rays first act on sodium chloride (vi) when one heats the coloured residue obtained by the action of anode rays or cathode rays on sodium chloride and (vii) when sodium chloride is precipitated rapidly from aq. soln. with hydrochloric acid or alcohol. The yellow luminescence of sodium is obtained, accompanied by the fainter blue luminescence (i) when a sodium salt is introduced into the Bunsen flame (ii) when sodium burns rapidly in oxygen, chlorine, or bromine and (iii) when canal rays act on sodium chloride. It is claimed that the yellow luminescence is obtained when sodium vapour is heated but it is very difficult to be certain that no burning takes place under these conditions. 

Figure 2 Ion source of Herzog and Viehbock A, ion source (canal ray tube) at independent potential B, primary beam C, sample D and E, immersion lens, independent potentials. (From Ref. 9.)...

The existence of He was first estabished by Hiby ° in 1939 when he observed H2 and He in canal rays from hydrogen and helium with a parabola mass spectograph Although Dopel had reported the He species earlier,... 

The particles that emerged from the glow discharge to form canal rays were accelerated toward the cathode, so they must be positively charged. 

If different gases were leaked into the apparatus, the magnitude of the fields required to displace canal rays of a different gas by the same amount differed, implying that the charged particles associated with each gas had different masses. 

Canal Rays and Protons 5-12 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr... 

Figure 5-3 A cathode-ray mbe with a different design and with a perforated cathode. Such a tube was used to produce canal rays and to demonstrate that they travel toward the cathode. Like cathode rays, these positive rays are deflected by electric or magnetic fields, but in the opposite direction from cathode rays. Canal ray particles have e/m ratios many times smaller than those of electrons, due to their much greater masses. When different elements are in the tube, positive ions with different e/m ratios are observed.

Canal ray A stream of positively charged particles (cations) that moves toward the negative electrode in a cathode-ray tube observed to pass through canals in the negative electrode. 

A device used to measure the heat transfer between system and surroundings. Analytical Chemistry Canal Ray... 

Canal Rays and Anode Rays (Positive Rays). 

Fig. 5.— Production of canal rays the positive ions produced in front of the cathode are driven up to the cathode and pass through the canals bored in it.

For the physicist, however, the importance of heavy hydrogen is mainly due to the fact that we can produce D canal rays just as easily as H canal rays, and accordingly have now a new means of bombarding other nuclei, which has already given us valuable information about their constitution. Of this we shall speak in the following section. 

The study of the so-called canal rays by the German physicist Eugen Goldstein, observed in a special cathode-ray tube with a perforated cathode, let to the recognition in 1902 that these rays were positively charged particles (protons). Finally, years later in 1932 the British physicist James Chadwick discovered another particle in the nucleus that had no charge, and for this reason was named neutron. 

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