X-Ray anode

The failure surfaces of the wedge samples were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Spectra were obtained using a PHI 5300 ESC A system with a magnesium X-ray anode at a power of 400 W. 

As shown in Figure 1.17, the emitted synchrotron radiation is continuous in the X-ray region (in contrast to the discrete energies of X-ray anodes), intense and polarized in the plane of the electron s orbit (inset). 

A more general approach is to employ X-ray anodes of gold... 

The best way of obtaining such a source is to make use of the characteristic x-rays from an x-ray anode. However, it is a well known fact that characteristic x-ray lines have a finite width or energy spread. Such widths decrease with decreasing atomic number. It should be noted also that K x-ray lines are preferable as excitation... 

Radiation Source. The radiation source used in ESCA is a standard X-ray anode tube, as described in Chapter 8. Soft X-rays are used, with A1 and Mg being the most common anodes. Many commercial systems offer a dual anode X-ray tube so that the analyst can switch between excitation wavelengths. It is very important that the X-ray source be monochromatic, with a linewidth extending over as narrow an energy range as possible. A1 and Mg have narrow K emission lines. The Mg K line has an energy of... 

XPS spectra also exhibit some minor peaks due to a number of other processes. Small peaks called X-ray satellite peaks appear at lower binding energies due to the non-monochromatic nature of the X-ray source. X-ray ghost peaks occur due to other elements present in the X-ray source Cu lines in spectra are an example of these ghost peaks. Copper is the base material used in the X-ray anode, so Cu lines may appear in the spectra of samples that contain no Cu. A complex photoelectric process results in... 

And finally, the renaissance of laboratory-based APXPS systems, triggered by the development of high-flux, monochromatized, tightly focused ambient-pressure X-ray anode sources, will lead to new opportunities for APXPS research outside the synchrotron facilities and a broadening of the APXPS community. 

Recent products in the field of aerospace and defense industry are shaped charge liners made of Mo and Ta penetrators formed explosively. The X-ray anode, a composite product made of W5Re or WlORe, TZM and optionally graphite, is the essential item of computer-... 

Other applications are rhenium-tungsten alloys in X-ray tubes and rotating X-ray anodes. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductors at a temperature of 10 K. 

---