Annelid

Uptake of Cr+ from seawater has been reported for Neanthes arenaceodentata. Whole Neanthes contained 30.0 mg Cr/kg DW after exposure for 150 days in 30.0 p,g Cr+ /L and 0.5-1.6 mg Cr/kg FW after exposure for 440 days both of these observations were similar to those of other annelid species, after adjustment for wet and dry weights. Concentrations as low as 12.5 p,g Cr+ /L decreased brood size in Neanthes, although no significant body residues were evident. Uptake of Cr+ by Neanthes was related to dose at low ambient chromium concentrations. Worms subjected to 2.6,4.5,9.8, or 16.6 p,g Cr+ /Lfor 309 days contained 0.5, 0.7, 2.2, and 2.5 mg Cr/kg whole fresh organism, respectively. There was no direct relationship between tissue concentration and brood size, suggesting that chromium in Neanthes attaches to proteins in the body wall, gut, and parapodial regions. 

Neanthes arenaceodentata is the most sensitive marine organism yet tested. In worms exposed to sublethal concentrations of Cr+, feeding was dismpted after 14 days at 

0 p-g/L, reproduction ceased after 440 days (three generations) at 100.0 pg/L, brood size was reduced after 309-440 days at 12.5-16.0 pg/L, and abnormalities in larval development increased after 5 months at 

0 pg/L. On the other hand, exposure for 293 days (two generations) in 50,400.0 pg Cr+ /L caused no adverse effects on survival, maturation time required for spawning, or brood size. The polychaete Capitella capitata was more resistant than Neanthes] a decrease in brood size was noted only after exposure for 5 months to 50.0 and 100.0 pg Cr+ /L. 

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Insects, crustaceans, platehelminthes, nematodes and annelids use homoses-quiterpenoid epoxides (juvenile hormones) and ecdysteroids (ecdysone, 20-... 

Nicolas, M. T. (1979). Presence de photosomes dans les fractions lumineuses du systeme elytral des Polynoinae (Annelides, Polychetes). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 289 D 177-180. 

Marine Worms. (Platyhelminthes, Rynchocoela, Annelida, Sipunaelida.) A variety of species from worm phylla have been found to contain toxins. There are approximately 56,000 species of worms (14,000 annelids, 25,000 platyhelminthes, 15,000 nematodes, and 800 nemertines), and of these, most of the toxic species are found in the nemertines. The most well-known toxin is nereisotoxin which has been modified to form a very useful insecticide. 

The annelids include the bristle worms and blood worms in which toxicity is associated with bristle-like setae and/or biting jaws. In the order Polychaetae, toxicity is usually found in three genera (Chloeia, Eurythoe, Hemodice). The platyhelminthes are not associated with many cases of human toxicity. The only class of platyhelminthes in which toxicity can readily be found is in the Turbellaria. In the Rhynchocaela (ribbon worms), toxic species include Lineus sp. Some platyhelminthes (e.g., Planocera multitenta) have been found to contain tetrodotoxin 16). 

Barker, G., Chitwood, D. and Rees, H. (1990) Ecdysteroids in helminths and annelids. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 18, 1—11. 

Rossi, S.S. (1977) Bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons from water, sediments and detritus to the marine annelid, neanthes arenaceodentata. Proc. Oil Spill Conf, pp. 621-625. Am. Petrol. Inst., Washington DC. 

Li+ causes malformation and affects regeneration in some protozoans, for example Tetrahymenapyriformis [231], by inhibiting both DNA and RNA synthesis by affecting regeneration in Hydra [232], planarians [233], and annelids [234] and by affecting cell signaling mediated by both inositol phosphate metabolism [235] and adenylate cyclase [236] in slime molds. 

Annelids Earthworms, whole, 4 spp. Distance from highway, meters ... 

Trivalent chromium was less effective than Cr+6 in reducing fecundity of Daphnia magna 44 pg Cr+VL vs. 10 pg Cr+6/L (USEPA 1980). Annelid worms (Tubifex sp.) accumulated about 1 mg total chromium/kg whole body during exposure for 2 weeks in sediments containing 175 mg ( T+3/kg, suggesting that benthic invertebrates have only a limited ability to accumulate chromium from sediments or clays (Neff et al. 1978). 

Copper in livers and muscles of Weddell seals was positively correlated with manganese (Szefer et al. 1994). In general, manganese and copper are positively correlated in tissues of marine vertebrates (Eisler 1984). Uptake of copper from copper-contaminated freshwater sediments by annelid worms is related to the amount of reducible manganese oxide in the sediments (Diks and Allen 1983). 

Reish, D.J. and T.V. Gerlinger. 1964. The effects of cadmium, lead, and zinc on survival and reproduction in the polychaetous annelid Neanthes arenaceodentata (F. Nereididae). Pages 383-389 in P.A. Hutchings (ed.) Proceedings of the First International Polychaete Conference. Sydney. Linnean Soc., N.S.W., Australia. 

AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES, FRESHWATER Annelids, 2 families From Hg-contaminated areas 0.3-0.6 FW 5... 

AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES, MARINE Annelids Whole, 3 spp. Georgia, USA, estuaries Mercury-contaminated estuary Total Hg 0.7-4.5 DW 7... 

Annelids Polychaete, Capitella capitata Larva LC50 (96 h) 14.0 1... 

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