Anions medical importance

In this paper the electtode anodic reactions of a number of dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives, quantum-chemical calculations of reactions between DHP cation-radicals and electrochemiluminescers anion-radicals (aromatic compounds) and DHP indirect ECL assay were investigated. The actuality of this work and its analytical value follow from the fact that objects of investigation - DHP derivatives - have pronounced importance due to its phaiTnacology properties as high effective hypertensive medical product. 

Just as there are cation channels, there are also trans-membrane channels involved in the transport of biologically important anions such as Cl-. The crystal structure of the CIC chloride channel from Salmonella typhimurium was reported in 2002.3 Along with the determination of the Streptomyces lividans potassium channel structure, this work won a share of the 2003 Nobel prize in chemistry for Roderick MacKinnon (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, USA). Chloride channels catalyse the flow of chloride across cell membranes and play a significant role in functions such as... 

One important reaction of carboxylic acids is their ability to act as acids. Carboxylic acids are medium-strong acids, with pKa values typically between 4 and 5. The conjugate bases of carboxylic acids are named by adding the suffix -oate to the parent name (Figure 11.47). One application of carboxylate anions is to serve as biologically inert anions for positively charged medications. 

Comments cationic emulsifying wax is claimed to be of particular value in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations when cationic characteristics are important. Thus it can be used in medicated creams, germicidal creams, ointments and lotions, hair conditioners, baby creams, and skin care products in which cationic compounds are included. Cationic emulsifying wax is compatible with cationic and nonionic materials, but is incompatible with anionic surfactants and drugs. Additional antimicrobial preservatives should be included in creams. Cetrimide may cause irritation to the eye see Cetrimide. 

Medically, anions are of great importance in many disease pathways. Cystic fibrosis, a genetic illness affecting a significant proportion of society, is caused by misregulation of chloride channels (17). There is, therefore, a real need for selective halide detection, as established methods of chloride analysis are unsuitable for biological applications (18). Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled replication of polyanionic DNA. Anion-binding proteins have also been implicated in the mechanism of Alzheimer s disease (19). 

Because the most interesting analytes are present in aqueous environment, sensing in water is very important, especially for medical and environmental applications. Thus, the extension of the approach to metal ion sensing in water was the next step. The synthesis of new fluorescent monolayers stable in water was performed, and their sensing abilities toward cations and anions in aqueous environment were investigated. 

In terms of drug disposition, OATl is the most important member of this transport family. Expressed mainly in the kidney tubule cell, OATl is a dicarboxylate exchange protein that is responsible for basolateral uptake of organic anions such as para-aminohippurate (PAH). OATl mediates the excretion of a diverse array of substrates, including environmental toxins. Substrates for this transporter include antibiotics, antiviral nucleoside analogs, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. In fact, more than 100 medications and toxic compounds have been found to interact with OATl. 

Dodecahydro-do50-dodecaborate anion [B,2H,2] , the isoelectronic and isostructural analog of carboranes, is a typical representative of anionic polyhedral boron hydrides. Sodium salts of the parent cZo o-dodecaborate and their derivatives have a good solubility in water, which is an important precondition of many medical applications. The sodium salt Na2[Bj2Hj2] was found to be practically nontoxic with the approximate lethal dose for rats >7.5 g/kg of body weight, which is roughly comparable with that of sodium chloride [12], However, functionalization of this purely inorganic system till recently was problematic due to the absence of a clear reaction center. There are two... 

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