Animals acute toxicology

Little information exists on the toxicology of piperazine dihydrochloride in humans or in animals. Acute human exposures to the dust have reportedly resulted in irritation to the eyes, mild to moderate skin burns, and sensitization. Exposure levels and duration were not available. Occupational exposures have been associated with occasional cases of asthma. In one factory, several cases of asthma were precipitated by a time-weighted average (TWA) exposure of 1.2mg/m although there were brief exposure peaks of lOOmg/m or higher. There were no new cases noted in a workplace... 

In acute toxicology studies in animals and humans, no irritant or other adverse reactions have been observed for example, when they were patch-tested on more than 100 individuals, no irritation was produced on either healthy or eczematous skin. Medium-chain triglycerides are not irritating to the eyes. 

Acute toxicological animal tests to determine the highest doses that two species of animals (including one nonrodent) can receive without risking overt toxic reactions and death and... 

From the standpoint of environmental protection, triadimefon is one of the most promising of all fungicides. Toxicologically it is not hazardous, it is a moderate poison for warm-blooded animal acute oral 568 mg /kg for rats). Absorbed through the skin or inhaled it has a very low toxicity, and it does not irritate the mucous membranes. In subchronic tests no pathological changes could be detected (Frohberger, 1973). It is not toxic to bees. 

Control animals A concurrent untreated control group of animals is required. A concurrent vehicle or diluent used in administering the test substance would be expected to elicit any important acute toxicologic response, or if there are insufficient data on the acute effects of the vehicle. 

The formulation is designed for products which require very low toxicity. DINCH is a biodegradable plasticizer. There is no acute toxicological effect after oral or dermal uptake no skin sensitization in test animals no indication of geno-toxicity it is not a perisome proliferator no toxicity to reproduction. In addition. 

PVDE is a nontoxic resin and may be safely used in articles intended for repeated contact with food (190). Based on studies under controked conditions, including acute oral, systemic, subchronic, and subacute contact implantation and tissue culture tests, no adverse toxicological or biological response has been found in test animals (191,192). PVDE is acceptable for use in processing and storage areas in contact with meat or poultry products prepared under federal inspection and it complies with the 3-A sanitary standards for dairy equipment. 

Where sufficient toxicologic information is available, we have derived minimal risk levels (MRLs) for inhalation and oral routes of entry at each duration of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). These MRLs are not meant to support regulatory action but to acquaint health professionals with exposure levels at which adverse health effects are not expected to occur in humans. They should help physicians and public health officials determine the safety of a community living near a chemical emission, given the concentration of a contaminant in air or the estimated daily dose in water. MRLs are based largely on toxicological studies in animals and on reports of human occupational exposure. 

Schimmel SC, Patrick JM Jr, Wilson AJ Jr. 1977. Acute toxicity to and bioconcentration of endosulfan by estuarine animals. In Mayer EL, Hamelink JL, eds. Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation, ASTM STP 634. Philadelphia, PA American Society for Testing and Materials, 241-252. 

The assessment of acute and chronic adverse effects induced by chemicals in both human and ecological (plants, animals, ecological chains, and ecosystems) targets is one of the most important scopes of environmental toxicology and sciences. In particular, the evaluation of the risk derived from the exposure to complex mixtures from environmental and diet sources is a challenging task which needs strategies, efforts, and time to reach the objectives of health protection. 

D Mello, G.D. 1987. Neuropathological and behavioural sequelae of acute cyanide toxicosis in animal species. Pages 156-183 in B. Ballantyne and T.C. Marrs (eds.). Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides. Wright, Bristol. 

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