Receptor regulation angiotensin

There are several points in the renin-angiotensin system that have proven to be amenable to inhibition. Renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and the angiotensin receptors are the most important sites of regulation. 

Sasamura, H., Nakazato, Y., Hayashida, T., et al. 1997. Regulation of vascular type 1 angiotensin receptors by cytokines. Hypertension 30 35-41. 

Kaschina, E., and Unger, T. 2003. Angiotensin AT1/AT2 receptors Regulation, signaling and function. Blood Pressure 12 70-88. 

Suzuki, J., Iwai, M., Nakagami, H., Wu, L., Chen, R., Sugaya, T., Hamada, M., Hiwada, K., and Horiuchi, M. 2002. Role of angiotensin II-regulated apoptosis through distinct ATi and AT2 receptors in neointimal formation. Circulation 106 847-853. 

Moriguchi Y, Matsubara H, Mori Y, Murasawa S, Masaki H, Maruyama K, Tsutsumi Y, Shibasaki Y, Tanaka Y, Nakajima T, Oda K, Iwasaka T. 1999. Angiotensin Il-induced transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor regulates fibronectin and transforming growth factor-beta synthesis via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Circ Res 84 1073-1084. 

The family of apelin peptides is derived from a single gene, activate a single G-protein-coupled receptor and are substrates for the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Apelins regulate cardiovascular function and fluid homeostasis. The apelin receptor also functions as a co-receptor for infection of CD4-positive cells by human immunodeficiency vims ( HIV). 

AIIRAs do not inhibit ACE (kininase II, the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and degrades bradykinin), nor do they bind to or block other hormone receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation. Pharmacokinetics ... 

While the rate limiting step of the cascade is the renin release, the biological active component is the octapeptide angiotensin n. It is an essential regulator of fluid and electrolyte balance as well as blood pressure. It exerts its actions on various structures like blood vessels, adrenal cortex, kidney and central nervous system. Although at least two different receptor subtypes for angiotensin II have been identified (ATi and AT2) the ATi-subtype is responsible for most of the cardiovascular effects of the agonist. 

The up-regulated expression of miR-155 is also reported in breast, lung, colon, and thyroid cancer (49,50). However, the actual molecular mechanism of miR-155 remains unknown, although it is reported that miR-155 down-regulates the expression of the angiotensin II type I receptor (51). 

Martin MM, Lee EJ, Buckenberger JA et al. MicroRNA-155 regulates human angiotensin 11 type 1 receptor expression in fibroblasts. JBiol Chem 2006 281 18277-18284. 

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