Anemia disorders

Other agents are also used for the treatment of manic-depressive disorders based on preliminary clinical results (177). The antiepileptic carbamazepine [298-46-4] has been reported in some clinical studies to be therapeutically beneficial in mild-to-moderate manic depression. Carbamazepine treatment is used especially in bipolar patients intolerant to lithium or nonresponders. A majority of Hthium-resistant, rapidly cycling manic-depressive patients were reported in one study to improve on carbamazepine (178). Carbamazepine blocks noradrenaline reuptake and inhibits noradrenaline exocytosis. The main adverse events are those found commonly with antiepileptics, ie, vigilance problems, nystagmus, ataxia, and anemia, in addition to nausea, diarrhea, or constipation. Carbamazepine can be used in combination with lithium. Several clinical studies report that the calcium channel blocker verapamil [52-53-9] registered for angina pectoris and supraventricular arrhythmias, may also be effective in the treatment of acute mania. Its use as a mood stabilizer may be unrelated to its calcium-blocking properties. Verapamil also decreases the activity of several neurotransmitters. Severe manic depression is often treated with antipsychotics or benzodiazepine anxiolytics. 

Neurological symptoms result from demyelination of the spinal cord and are potentially irreversible. The symptoms and signs characteristic of a vitamin B 2 deficiency include paresthesis of the hands and feet, decreased deep-tendon reflexes, unsteadiness, and potential psychiatric problems such as moodiness, hallucinations, delusions, and psychosis. Neuropsychiatric disorders sometimes develop independently of the anemia, particularly in elderly patients. Visual loss may develop as a result of optic atrophy. 

The symptoms of vitamin E deficiency in animals are numerous and vary from species to species (13). Although the deficiency of the vitamin can affect different tissue types such as reproductive, gastrointestinal, vascular, neural, hepatic, and optic in a variety of species such as pigs, rats, mice, dogs, cats, chickens, turkeys, monkeys, and sheep, it is generally found that necrotizing myopathy is relatively common to most species. In humans, vitamin E deficiency can result from poor fat absorption in adults and children. Infants, especially those with low birth weights, typically have a vitamin E deficiency which can easily be corrected by supplements. This deficiency can lead to symptoms such as hemolytic anemia, reduction in red blood cell lifetimes, retinopathy, and neuromuscular disorders. 

Adverse reactions with administration of bupropion include citation, dry mouth, insomnia, headache, nausea, constipation, anorexia, weight loss, and seizures. Fluoxetine administration may result in headache, activation of mania or hypomania, insomnia, anxiety, nervousness, nausea, vomiting, and sexual dysfunction. Trazodone administration may cause the following adverse reactions drowsiness, skin disorders, anger, hostility, anemia, priapism, nausea, and vomiting. Additional... 

NSAIDs can induce a number of other adverse reactions, including bleeding disorders, anemia, thrombocytopenia, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, fixed drug eruptions, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, leukocytocla-sitc vasculitis, recurrent fever with exanthema and, of course, the well-known gastric cytotoxicity. 

Anderson KE et al Disorders of heme biosynthesis X-linked sideroblastic anemia and the porphyrias. In The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th ed. Scriver CR et al (editors). McGraw-Hill, 2001. 

Transferrin binds iron, transporting it to sites where it is required. Ferritin provides an intracellular store of iron. Iron deficiency anemia is a very prevalent disorder. Hereditary hemochromatosis has been shown to be due to mutations in HFE, a gene encoding the protein HFE, which appeats to play an important role in absorption of iron. 

The last four disorders cause hemolytic anemias, as do a number of the other disorders listed. Most of the above conditions are discussed in other chapters of this text. MiM numbers apply only to disorders with a genetic basis. 

Figure 52-3. Diagrammatic representation of the major proteins of the membrane of the human red blood cell separated by SDS-PAGE. The bands detected by staining with Coomassie blue are shown in the two left-hand channels, and the glycoproteins detected by staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent are shown in the right-hand channel. (Reproduced, with permission, from Beck WS, Tepper Ri Hemolytic anemias iii membrane disorders, in Hematology, 5th ed. Beck WS [editor]. The MiT Press, 1991.)...

R. W. "Hematology", Chapter 11, "Erythrocyte Disorders -Anemias Related to Abnormal Globln", McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1972. 

Non-cardiac Anemia, anxiety disorders, carbon monoxide poisoning, cocaine use, esophageal reflux, peptic ulcer, pleuritis, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulmonary embolus, pulmonary hypertension, thyrotoxicosis... 

Complete blood count anemia may be due to cancer or another systemic disorder accompanied by constipation. 

The following "red flag" or alarm features are not associated with IBS and may indicate inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, or other disorders fever, weight loss, bleeding, and anemia, which may be accompanied by persistent severe pain. 

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