And sleep deprivation

Bodosi, B., Gardi, J., Hajdu, I. et al. (2004). Rhythms of ghrelin, leptin, and sleep in rats effects of the normal diurnal cycle, restricted feeding, and sleep deprivation. Am. J. Physiol Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol 287, R1071-9. 

Guilleminault C, Silvestri R, Mondini S, et al. Aging and sleep apnea action of benzodiazepines, acetazolamide, alcohol and sleep deprivation in a healthy elderly group. J Gerontol 1984 39 655-661. 

Borbely AA, Balderer G, Trachsel L, Tobler I. Effect of midazolam and sleep deprivation on day-time sleep propensity. Arzneimittelforschung 1985 35(11) 1696-1699. 

Medical conditions based in nearly all physiological systems can produce coincident sleep disturbances and sleep deprivation. This includes disorders of the cardiovascular (chronic heart failure), pulmonary (asthma), gastrointestinal (hepatic failure), renal (urinary tract infections, polyuria), endocrine (diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism), and neurological (Parkinson s disease,... 

Redwine L, Hauger RL, Gillin JC, Irwin M. Effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on interleukin-6, growth hormone, cortisol, and melatonin levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 85 3597-3603. 

Although some research has been devoted to the relationship between performance and subjective effort in sleep-deprived individuals, many questions remain unanswered. More studies are needed that examine self-report effort on a variety of tasks to better understand how effort and sleep deprivation may interact in the typical work environment. In addition, more studies are needed that provide sleep-deprived individuals the chance to choose what tasks to complete, a situation that is common in many work settings. Results from studies such as these would allow for greater applicability from the basic research to the applied setting. 

Webb WB. A further analysis of age and sleep deprivation effects. Psychophysiology 1985 22 156-161. 

Boyum A, Wiik P, Gustavsson E, Veiby OP, Reseland J, Haugen AH, Opstad PK. The effect of strenuous exercise, caloric deficiency and sleep deprivation on white blood cells, plasma immunoglobulins and cytokines. Scand J Immunol 1996 43 228-235. 

Asken MJ, Raham DC. Resident performance and sleep deprivation a review. J Med Educ 1983 58 382-388. 

Tort law seeks to compensate a person who has been harmed by the wrongful conduct of another and also hopes to deter similar injuries. Tort law considers a person s decision to take a particular action and the risk involved when determining liability. As the cases above illustrate, sleep disorders and sleep deprivation can play an important role in choice and risk. Additionally, physicians who treat patients for sleep disorders have an obligation to warn their patients of the risks of the sleep condition and any treatment rendered. Failure to inform then-patient of the risks could lead to injuries to others, for which the physician might be liable. 

Bishop C, Roehrs T, Rosenthal L, Roth T. Alerting effects of methylphenidate under basal and sleep-deprived conditions. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1997 5(4) 344-352. 

Opstead P, Ekanger R, Nummestad M, Raabe N. Performance, mood and clincial symptoms in men exposed to prolonged, severe physical work and sleep deprivation. Aviat Space Environ Med 1978 49 1065-1073. 

Dinges DF. Homeostatic and circadian regulation of wakefulness during jet lag and sleep deprivation effect of wake-promoting countermeasures. AFOSR Technical Report No. 31-08-2000. Arlington, VA Air Force Office of Scientific Research. 2000. 

Haslam DR. The incentive effect and sleep deprivation. Sleep 1983 6 362-368. 

Some researchers have documented significant positive correlations between slow-wave sleep during naps and reaction time performance improvements after normal nocturnal sleep (51) and sleep deprivation (52). Moreover, Lavie (53) documented preliminary laboratory findings that naps containing more of stages 3 and 4 sleep were associated with improved postnap sleepiness levels. Examining naps of 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min duration, Lumley et al. (31) also demonstrated that alertness increased as a function of duration of slow-wave sleep. Consistent with sleep homeostasis, Helmus et al. (48) also observed that a 2-hr nap opportunity was more recuperative than a 15-min nap opportunity, 2 hr after napping. 

Neuner-Jehle M, Denizot JP, Borbely AA, Mallet J. Characterization and sleep deprivation-induced expression modulation of dendrin, a novel dendritic protein in rat brain neurons. J Neurosci Res 1996 46 138-151. 

The field of sleep research is experiencing an enviable period of growth since the discovery of REM sleep in 1953. Yet there are still fundamental questions in our field that remain unanswered many of these questions are within the realm of sleep loss and sleep deprivation. Fortunately, there are many talented investigators who have assumed the responsibility of answering some of these questions, and we look forward to their important breakthroughs. 

The type of research described under this heading aims at correlating therapeutic outcome and pre-therapy sleep as well as therapy-induced sleep alterations. This section is voluntarily limited to the two therapies whose relationships to sleep are the most documented, i.e., antidepressant drugs and sleep deprivation therapy. The effects of these two therapies are examined in the light of the three theories. According to these theories, effective therapies have either to decrease the arousal level, to increase process S, or to restore the aminergic/cholinergic balance. 

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