Non-Pharmacological Therapies Electro-Convulsive Therapy and Sleep Deprivation

Non-Pharmacological Therapies Electro-Convulsive Therapy and Sleep Deprivation [Pg.515]

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was found to downregulate increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-a in patients with MD (Hestad et al., 2003). [Pg.515]

An immune analysis during sleep showed an increase of the type-1 monocyte derived cytokines TNF-a and IL-12 and a decrease of the type-2 IL-10 producing monocytes (Dimitrov et al., 2004). In contrary, continuous wakefulness blocked the increase of type-1 and decrease of type-2 cytokines (T. Lange and S. Dimitrov, personal communication). Thus, sleep deprivation may exert therapeutic effects through a low suppression of type-1 cytokines. [Pg.515]

Divergent Effects of the Role of Type-1/Type-2 Immune Activation are associated with Different Effects to the Kynurenine Metabolism in Schizophrenia and Depression [Pg.515]

The only known naturally occurring NMDA receptor antagonist in the human CNS is kynurenic acid (KYNA Stone, 1993). KYNA is one of the three neuroactive intermediate products of the kynurenine pathway. Kynurenine (KYN) is [Pg.515]

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