And recruitment

So far ten catalytically active caspases have been reported in mouse (caspase-1, -2, -3, -6, -7, -8, -9, -11, -12,-14) and eleven in human (caspase-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -14) (Fig. 1). Caspases are expressed as inactive proenzymes that contain an amino-terminal prodomain of variable length followed by two domains with conserved sequences a large subunit ( 20 kDa, p20) and a small carboxy-terminal subunit ( 10 kDa, plO). Caspases can be divided according to absence (-3, -6, -7, -14) or presence (-1, -2, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12) of an extended prodomain containing protein-protein interaction motifs belonging to the death domain (DD) superfamily, in particular the death effector domains (DED) and the caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARD). 

ALT, alanine aminotransferase ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protei containing a CARD AST, aspartate aminotransferase CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domains CD, Crohn s disease COP, CARD-only protein DD, death domain DED, death effector domains DIABLO, direct LAP-binding protein with low pi... 

Death domain (DD) superfamily consists of structurally related homotypic interaction motifs of approximately 90 amino acids. The motifs are organized in six antiparallel amphipathic a-helices, the so-called DD fold. The four members of the super family are the death domain (DD), the death effector domain (DED), the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD), and the Pyrin domain. All are important mediators for the assembly of caspase activating complexes. 

Reduction of staff turnover and recruitment costs this is achieved because graduate schemes increase motivation and instil a sense of belongingness. 

A quite different approach to the study of plant responses to stress has been explored by those ecologists who have followed the example of Harper (1977) in applying to plants techniques originally deployed in investigations of animal populations. Here the methodology has been demographic and the resulting data have allowed responses to stress to be analysed in terms of fluctuations in the rates of mortality and recruitment of either plant populations or plant parts (e.g. leaves, inflorescences). 

Fig. 3.16 Dynamic model for polyamide intervention in LSF2/YYI induction of latency. The host factor LSF (orange oval) is shown bound to the HiV long terminal repeat (LTR) and recruits YYl (green triangle) followed by HDAC...

Ideally, when small mammals are being evaluated, the treated area beyond the test site should be large enough that any recruitment of study species to the test site will be from a treated area. It is not possible to cover this recruitment area for most bird species and it is often impractical for small rodents, but should be considered. Owing to abundance, home range and recruitment dynamics, small passerines and small rodents are often selected as test species. 

Grone HJ, Weber C, Weber KS, et al. Met-RANTES reduces vascular and tubular damage during acute renal transplant rejection blocking monocyte arrest and recruitment. FASEB J 1999 13 1371-1383. 

Lande R, Giacomini E, Serafini B, et al. Characterization and recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in synovial fluid and tissue of patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol 2004 173(4) 2815-2824. 

Fig. 17.2. Fractalkine-CX3CR1 actions in microglia and NK cells during neuroinflammation. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 provide key regulatory input for microglia and NK cells, the fractalkine-responsive cell types implicated in EAE. In particular, fractalkine and CX3CR1 mediate tonic inhibition of deleterious microglial activation, and recruit regulatory NK cells to the inflamed CNS during EAE.

Within Hymenoptera, pheromones produced by workers in social colonies are the best studied across many genera, principally in ants [6], with those eliciting trail following most extensively studied. The distinct behavior and the relative ease of the bioassay have resulted in chemical identifications in many species [ 113,114]. Those that have been recently identified are listed in Table 5. In addition, several alarm and recruitment signals have recently been identified. Many of the compounds recently identified in ants have previously been reported as trail or alarm pheromones in other ant species. For example, methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate 64, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine 65, (9Z)-hexadec-9-enal 66,4-methylheptan-3-ol 67, and methyl 6-methylsalicy-late 68 have been identified as trail pheromone components, and heptan-2-one 69,4-methylheptan-3-one 70, formic acid 71, undecane 61,4-methylheptan-3-ol 67, methyl 6-methylsalicylate 68, and citronellal 72 have been identified as alarm pheromone components [6]. The use of the same chemicals across genera, with some used for very different functions, is an interesting phenomenon. 

Endocytosis and recruitment of Na,K pumps occurs in primary isolates of striatal neurons. However in these neurons only a2 subunits were removed in response to dopamine whereas al subunits were selectively recruited in response to glutamate [20]. 

Activation of PI-PLC-linked receptors, such as the mAChR, results in increased PKC activity. Since the addition of phorbol esters, which are PKC agonists (see Ch. 20), results in phosphorylation of Raf, this mechanism may provide an explanation for the ability of PI-PLC-coupled receptors to activate MAPK. A recently discovered protein tyrosine kinase PYK2, which is enriched in the CNS, is also activated by PKC. Like PTK-X, PYK2 phosphorylates SHC and recruits the Grb2-SOS complex, which results in activation of the MAPK cascade. PYK2 is also activated by... 

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