Analytical methods flame photometry

Flame Photometry. An analytical method suitable for qual and quant detn of about 70 elemcats, flame photometry is based on the classical flame tests for the alkali and alkaline-earth metals (Na yellow, K purple,... 

A number of instrumental analytical techniques can be used to measure the total phosphorus content of organophosphorus compounds, regardless of the chemical bonding of phosphorus within the molecules, as opposed to the determination of phosphate in mineralized samples. If the substances are soluble, there is no need for their destruction and for the conversion of phosphorus into phosphate, a considerable advantage over chemical procedures. The most important methods are flame photometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry the previously described atomic absorption spectrometry is sometimes useful. 

Major and minor elements in coal, having concentrations easily detectable by most modem analytical techniques, can be determined by a number of acceptable procedures. Various approaches, combining a. number of specific procedures, are frequently referenced in the literature. For example, the presently accepted procedure (ASTM D-2795) determines silicon, aluminum, iron, titanium, and phosphorus colorimetrically, calcium and magnesium chelatometrically, and sodium and potassium by flame photometry. This standard test method was withdrawn in 2001 but is still used in some laboratories. 

Analytical applications have been found for all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from microwaves through visible radiation to gamma (y) rays (Table 1). The emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation are specific to atomic and molecular processes and provide the basis for sensitive and rapid methods of analysis. There are two general analytical approaches. In one, the sample is the source of the radiation in the other, there is an external source and the absorption or scattering of radiation by the sample is measured. Emission from the sample may be spontaneous, as in radioactive decay, or stimulated by thermal or other means, as in flame photometry and fluorimetry. Both approaches can be used to provide qualitative and quantitative information about the atoms present in, or the molecular structure of, the sample. 

Flame emission spectroscopy Method that uses a flame to cause an atomized analyte to emit its characteristic emission spectrum also known as flame photometry. 

An analytical procedure (ASTM D-128) is available for the separation of grease into its component parts and their measurement. Spectrographic methods, such as flame photometry (ASTM D-3340), may also be used to determine the metal present as soaps or the wear elements in used grease, in conjunction with separation techniques to measure and identify the various types of fats, lubricating fluids, or additives present. The simpler tests that are more likely to be quoted are ash content, acidity and alkalinity, water, and dirt content. 

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and flame emission spectroscopy (FES), also called flame photometry, are two analytical measurement methods relying on the spectroscopic processes of excitation and emission. Methods of quantitative analysis only, they are used to measure of around seventy elements (metal or non-metal). Many models of these instruments allow measurements to be conducted by these two techniques although their functioning principles are different. There exists a broad range of applications, as concentrations to the gtg/L (ppb) level can be accessed for certain elements. 

Volume 4 of this series covers again aspects of Clinical Chemistry ranging from discussions of analytical methods to reviews on the biochemistry of disease, centering around the physiology and pathology, for instance, of a hormone or of a vitamin, and including the pertinent chemical procedures. Recent developments in immunoelectrophoresis, microliter analysis, and flame photometry are treated with a view to their concrete applications. 

Although optical techniques —particularly photometry— prevailed in automatic methods of analysis for a long period, the advent of lon-selectlve electrodes (iSEs) marked the beginning of the automation of electroanalytical techniques. The variety of analysers currently available that Incorporate electro-analytical detection not only outperform those based on optical sensing (e.g. In analyses for alkali and alkaline-earth metals with ISEs as opposed to flame photometry), but also they have fostered the development of in vivo measurements, no doubt the most exciting and promising area of clinical chemistry. 

The separation of yttrium from the lanthanides is performed by selective oxidation, reduction, fractionated crystallization, or precipitation, ion-exchange and liquid-liquid extraction. Methods for determination include arc spectrography, flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrometry with the nitrous oxide acetylene flame. The latter method improved the detection limits of yttrium in the air, rocks and other components of the natural environment (Deuber and Heim 1991 Welz and Sperling 1999).Other analytical methods useful for sensitive monitoring of trace amounts of yttrium are X-ray emission spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and neutron activation analysis (NAA) the latter method utilizes the large thermal neutron cross-section of yttrium. For high-sensitivity analysis of yttrium, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is especially recommended for solid samples, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for liquid samples (Reiman and Caritat 1998). 

Vallee BL and Thiers RE (1965) Flame photometry. In Kolthoff IM, Elving PJ and Sandell EB, eds. Treatise on analytical chemistry. Part 1 (Theory and practice), Vol 6, section D-3, Optical methods of analysis (Meehan EJ, section advisor), pp. 3463-3534. John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Requirment for air pollution monitor combustion gas Analytical method solution conductivity flame photometry infrared absorption ultraviolet absorption Handy sesors Electrochemical type phosphoric acid K2SO4... 

The present authors have recently described (I, 2) the development of an accurate and precise analytical method using ion-exchange concentration and flame photometry to measure the strontium and barium concentration of sea water from the same sample. Initial analyses indicated that there is possibly a small, but significant, variation in the strontium/ chlorinity ratio with respect to depth (2, 3). The results of the analyses for barium indicated that, as expected, the variation in the barium/ chlorinity ratio is much larger. This communication reports the results of the analyses of samples from several ocean stations for strontium and barium. 

Many analytical methods have been useful at the trace level flame photometry, spectrophotometry, atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy,... 

Pickett EE and Koirtyohann SR (1969) Emission flame photometry - a new look at an old method. Analytical Chemistry 41 28A-42A. 

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