Analytical method goals

Analytical method goals are often defined as method acceptance criteria for peak resolution, precision, specificity, and sensitivity. For instance, pharmaceutical methods for potency assays of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) typically require the following resolution >1.5 from the closest eluting components precision of retention time and peak area, <1-2% RSD and linearity in the range of 50-150% of the label claim. Other desirable characteristics include ... 

Analytical methods aie utilised by all branches of the chemical iadustry. Sometimes the goal is the quaUtative deterniiaation of elemental and molecular constituents of a selected specimen of matter othertimes the goal is the quantitative measurement of the fractional distribution of those constituents and sometimes it is to monitor a process stream or a static system. Information concerning the various iadividual analytical methods may be found ia separate articles dispersed alphabetically throughout the Eniyclopedia. The articles ate iatroductions to topics each of which is the subject of numerous books and other pubhcations. 

These conceptual goals are attained by several combinatorial methods and tools. Characteristic for combinatorial chemistry is the synthesis on solid support or by polymer-supported synthesis, allowing for much higher efficiency in library production. Synthesis can be conducted either in automated parallel synthesis or by split-and-recombine synthesis. Centerpieces of combinatorial methods further include specific analytical methods for combinatorial... 

The development of rapid, accurate, and noninvasive online measurement sensors and instraments is a high-priority goal in the commercialization of biotechnology (Figure 3.4). Some of these instraments will build on analytical methods now used in catalysis and other surface sciences, such as... 

Consistent with other analytical methods, immunoassays must be validated to ensure that assay results are accurate. Initial validation involves an evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassay, while later validation includes comparison with a reference method. Because a goal of immunoassays is to minimize sample preparation, validation also includes testing the effects of sample matrices and(or) sample cleanup methods on results. The final steps in validation involve testing a limited number of samples containing incurred residues to determine if the method provides reliable data. 

The primary goal of this series of chapters is to describe the statistical tests required to determine the magnitude of the random (i.e., precision and accuracy) and systematic (i.e., bias) error contributions due to choosing Analytical METHODS A or B, and/or the location/operator where each standard method is performed. The statistical analysis for this series of articles consists of five main parts as ... 

The development of an analytical method for determining the composition of malodorous emissions was initiated within Severn Trent in 1979. At this time three separate, but complementary tasks were identified as requiring development to achieve this goal -... 

We have examined the competing isomerization and solvolysis reactions of 1-4-(methylphenyl)ethyl pentafluorobenzoate with two goals in mind (1) We wanted to use the increased sensitivity of modern analytical methods to extend oxygen-18 scrambling studies to mostly aqueous solutions, where we have obtained extensive data for nucleophilic substitution reactions of 1-phenylethyl derivatives. (2) We were interested in comparing the first-order rate constant for internal return of a carbocation-carboxylate anion pair with the corresponding second-order rate constant for the bimolecular combination of the same carbocation with a carboxylate anion, in order to examine the effect of aqueous solvation of free carboxylate anions on their reactivity toward addition to carbocations. 

The goal of ECAT is to provide assistance to the user of a chromatograph in the development of an HPLC method. To do this, one must specify the tasks performed in developing an analytical method. The computer performs these tasks by processing information. In ECAT we are calling the collection of information specific to a task a Module. The modules and information flow which will be needed for the completely implemented ECAT are shown in Figure 2. 

The goal of harmonization is to bring the policies, standards, monograph specifications, analytical methods, and acceptance criteria of pharmacopoeias into agreement. Such imity may, however, not always be achievable. Where imity cannot be achieved, harmonization means agreement based upon objective comparability and a clear statement of any differences. The goal, therefore, is harmony, not imison. 

Fitness for purpose is the ultimate goal of the person doing the job in the laboratory, especially for the choice of method and instrumentation used to carry out an analysis. The validation of the analytical method is the important part to guarantee the fitness. 

If you have only a few objectives, your proposal may read more smoothly if you use ordinal language (e.g., first and second), as illustrated in excerpt 12E, rather than a numbered list (as in excerpt 12D). Alternatively, you may leave out enumeration entirely. For example, in excerpt 12A, Aga describes her principal goal (to develop innovative analytical methods for environmental applications) and objectives (to develop immunochemical methods that are cost-effective, fast, and field-portable and use them to monitor the fate of agricultural contaminants) without any enumeration. 

There is no single expression form for specificity. It is rather something which must be demonstrated. The way in which this is done depends on the objective and the type of analytical method (see also below). For identification tests, the goal is to ensure the identity of an analyte. Specificity is here the abihty to discriminate between compounds of closely related structures which can be present. 

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