Analysis techniques deductive

FTA is a safety analysis technique that develops an FT diagram that logically models and graphically represents the various combinations of possible system events that can lead to a UE, such as a mishap. The analysis is deductive in nature, in that it transverses from the general problem to the specific causes. The FT develops the logical fault paths from the UE at the top, to all of the... 

In system safety, inductive analysis tends to be for hazard identification (when the specific root causes are not known or proven), and deductive analysis for root cause identification (when the hazard is known). Obviously, there is a fine line between these definitions because sometimes the root causes are known from the start of an inductive HA. This is why some analysis techniques can actually move in both directions. The PH A is a good example of this. Using the standard PHA worksheet, hazards are identified inductively by asking what if this component fails, and hazards are also identified by deductively asking how can this UE happen. 

In another qualitative study, EDX analysis was used to study the nature of the precipitate occasionally formed in Zn-insulin solutions [73]. Identification of the EDX peaks obtained for the crystalline precipitates enabled the deduction that the solid consisted of a Zn-insulin complex, and a rough analysis of the peak intensities indicated that the composition of the precipitate was comparable to that existing in the starting materials. The combination of the EDX technique with scanning electron microscopy enabled the analyses to be conducted on relatively few numbers of extremely small particles. 

Many deductive investigation techniques use logic tree diagrams. A partial list of these methods includes fault tree analysis (FTA), causal tree... 

When making these conversions in the field, it is often helpful to make approximations or estimates. One pound is a little more then 2 kilograms, so divide the persons weight in pounds by 2 and subtract an appropriate approximation for the decimal amount. For example, 176 pounds is 80 kilograms 176/2 = 88. You can approximate to deduct about 8 kilograms for the 0.2 decimal and subtract it to get the result, which is 80. Refer back to the section on dimensional analysis. This technique is very helpful in many of these problems. 

Approaches are described in this paper to the deduction of peptide conformation in solution by the use of three techniques 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, conformational energy calculations, and circular dlchroism. Sections of this paper illustrate the types of conformational information that can be derived from each of the individual methods for the synthetic and naturally occurring cyclic peptides. For complete conformational analysis, however, a combination of techniques is usually necessary. 

One of the main purposes of archaeological chemistry is to deduce history from the analysis and investigation of artifacts. Other major areas of importance include authenticity studies, identification of sources, deduction of production techniques, and dating. 

The second technique which both confirms some of our deductions and provides useful quantitative data for frontier orbital analysis is electron spin resonance spectroscopy9,10 (ESR). This technique detects the odd electron in radicals the interaction of the spin of the electron with the magnetic nuclei (1H, 13C, etc.) gives rise to splitting of the resonance signal, and the degree of splitting is proportional to the electron population at the nucleus. Since we already know that the coefficients of the atomic orbitals, c, are directly related... 

The orientation of elimination is greatly influenced by the choice of the leaving group, the substituents at the alpha and beta carbons and the base and solvent. Investigators usually keep two of these variables constant whilst changing the third and a discussion of the relevant factors is most conveniently approached in this way. Often conclusions are reached from measurements of the olefin proportions only. Occasionally more certain deductions are possible when both product study and rate data at several temperatures are reported. The advent of vapour-phase chromatography in the last decade has enabled easier and more certain analysis of product mixtures, and with due respect to the earlier pioneers in this field, who had to use more primitive techniques, the most reliable results have been derived in more recent years. 

The FTA is a diagrammatic analytical technique that is used for ReUabiUty, Maintainability and Safety Analysis. It is a top-down (deductive) analysis, proceeding through successively more detailed (i.e. lower) levels of the design until the probability of occurrence of the top event (the feared event) can be predicted in the context of its enviromnent and operation. 

In most civil aviation System Safety Assessments, this event originates from a Function Hazard Analysis (FHA, see Chapter 3), but it can also come from any other hazard identification technique (e.g. ZS A or PRA). An FTA is a deductive approach (i.e. top down) that determines how a given state (i.e. the undesired event) can occur. It does not identify all failures in a system in a way that inductive tproaches (such as an FMEA) would. 

Fault tree analysis is a technique by which the system safety engineer can rigorously evaluate specific hazardous events. It is a type of logic tree that is developed by deductive logic from a top undesired event to all subevents that must occur to cause it. It is primarily used as a qualitative technique for studying hazardous events in systems, subsystems, components, or operations involving command paths. It can also be used for quantitatively evaluating the probability of the top event and all subevent occurrences when sufficient and accurate data are available. Quantitative analyses shall be performed only when it is reasonably certain that the data for part/component failures and human errors for the operational environment exist. 

A quantitative risk review technique. Cause-consequence analysis is a hlend of fault tree and event tree analysis. This technique combines cause analysis (described by fault trees) and consequence analysis (described by event trees), and hence deductive and inductive analysis is used. The purpose of CCA is to identify chains of events that can result in undesirable consequences. With the probabilities of the various events in the CCA diagram, the probabilities of the various consequences can be calculated, thus establishing the risk level of the system. See also Event Tree Analysis (ETA) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). 

---