Cycle analysis, energy

Life-cycle cost analysis. Energy-efficient buildings are typically designed to be cheaper, on a life-cycle basis, than wasteful buildings. 

Capital investment decisions are best made within the context of a life-cycle cost analysis. Life-cycle cost analysis focuses on the costs incurred over the life of the investment, assuming only candidate investments are considered that meet minimally acceptable performance standards in terms of the non-inonetary impacts of the investment. Using life-cycle analysis, the capital investment decision takes into account not just the initial acquisition or purchase cost, but maintenance, energy use, the expected life of the investment, and the opportunity cost of capital. When revenue considerations are prominent, an alternative method of analysis such as net benefit or net present value may be preferred. 

General trends in solubilities of salts can also be understood by a similar analysis in which a general energy cycle is employed. 

The retrospective analysis of all available observational data (especially from satellites) on the known parameters of water and energy cycles (with priority given to long-term global data on precipitation). 

Ayres, R.U. Ayres, L.W. Martinas, K. Exergy, waste accounting, and life-cycle analysis. Energy 1998,23,355-363. 

Full Energy Cycle Analysis of Coal-to-Hydrogen... 

The full energy cycle approach recognizes that there are process impacts beyond the plant boundary. An important consideration in this energy cycle analysis is the derating of the power plant resulting from C02 capture and sequestration. An equivalent C02 charge must be assessed for... 

Source Adapted from Chappat M. and J. Bilal, The Environmental Road of the Future Life Cycle Analysis, Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Colas Group, http //www.colas.com/FRONT/COLAS/upload/com/pdf /route-future-english.pdf, 2003. 

Amelio M, Morrone P, Gallucci F and BasUe A (2007), Integrated gasification gas combined cycle plant with membrane reactors Technological and economical analysis , Energy Comers Manage, 48,2680-2693. 

Life cycle cost analysis is the proper tool for evaluation of alternative systems (11,12). The total cost of a system, including energy cost, maintenance cost, interest, cash flow, equipment replacement and/or salvage value, taxes, inflation, and energy cost escalation, can be estimated over the useflE life of each alternative system. A Hst of life cycle cost items which may be considered for each system is presented in Tables 3 and 4. Reference 14 presents a cash flow analysis which also includes factors such as energy cost escalation. 

Ereduc tion of a product or service must be evaluated over its entire istoiy or life cycle. This life-cycle analysis or total systems approach (Ref. 3) is crucial to identifying opportunities for improvement. As described earher, this type of evaluation identifies energy use, material inputs, and wastes generated during a products hfe from extraction and processing of raw materials to manufacture and transport of a product to the marketplace and finally to use and dispose of the produc t (Ref. 5). 

If a life cycle analysis were conducted the new costs of a plant are about 7-10% of the life cycle costs. Maintenance costs are approximately 15-20% of the life cycle costs. Operating costs, which essentially consist of energy costs, make up the remainder, between 70-80% of the life cycle costs, of any major power plant. Thus, performance evaluation of the turbine is one of the most important parameter in the operation of a plant. 

Life-cycle analysis of a filter shows that operation often corresponds to 70% to 80% of the filter s total environmental load and is absolutely decisive as regards environmental effect. Raw material, refining, manufacturing, and transports correspond to about 20% to 30%, while the used filter contributes at most 1%. Filters of plastic or other inflammable material can render 10 kWh to 30 kWh energy when burned, which correspondingly reduces the total environmental load from 0.5% to 1%. On the other hand, if the pressure loss in the filter is reduced by 10 Pa, the environmental load is reduced by 125 kW h per year, or approximately 5% decrease in total environmental load. Filters in industrial applications can have quite different figures. 

Life-cycle analysis (LCA) does not account for economic aspects, and such analysis should therefore be considered together with a life-cycle cost analysis (LCC), which takes into account the costs of investment, energy, maintenance, and dumping the final waste product throughout the lifetime of a plant. 

Caiciiiations can be sensitive to the interest rate (Fig- 16.2) and the time ol the calculation period (fig. 16.3), which is the utilization time or the life cycle of the device. Thus, it is often advisable to consider sensitivity analysis for these factors. Elements of uncertainty can also be found in the estimation of energy consumption and investment (in design phase at the pre-tender stage). 

The last three examples indicate the importance of analysis of the required air treatment cycle on the psychrometric chart as a guide to the methods which can be adopted and those which are not possible. This analysis can also provide optimization of energy flows for a process. 

Minimizing the cycle time in filament wound composites can be critical to the economic success of the process. The process parameters that influence the cycle time are winding speed, molding temperature and polymer formulation. To optimize the process, a finite element analysis (FEA) was used to characterize the effect of each process parameter on the cycle time. The FEA simultaneously solved equations of mass and energy which were coupled through the temperature and conversion dependent reaction rate. The rate expression accounting for polymer cure rate was derived from a mechanistic kinetic model. 

Jensen WB (1997) A note on the term Chalcogen . J Chem Educ 74 1063-1064 Fischer W (2001) A second note on the term Chalcogen . J Chem Educ 78 1333 Fthenakis V, Wang W, Kim HC (2009) Life cycle inventory analysis of the production of metals used in photovoltaics. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 13 493-517 Waitkins GR, Bearse AE, Shutt R (1942) Industrial utilization of selenium and tellurium. Ind Eng Chem 34 899-910... 

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