Analgesics local anesthetics

Antiepileptics and antiparkinsons Narcotic analgesics Local anesthetics... 

Superficial and deep heat Decreased muscle/joint pain and stiffness NSAIDs opioid analgesics local anesthetics - -... 

Opening with the history of kava, this book proceeds to describe the botany, cultivation, harvesting and economic aspects of kava. A major part of the book is then devoted to the chemical and pharmacological properties of the kavalactones, the psychoactive constituents of kava that are reported to have sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, local anesthetic, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective properties. The medical and clinical studies that provide evidence for the therapeutic benefits are balanced with an assessment of the known adverse effects and interactions and the recently reported cases of severe liver toxicity in which kava has been implicated. 

Many 1,2,3,5-benzenetetrol derivatives are used mediciaaHy. For example, khellin [82-02-0] (65), which is a naturally occurring benzopyranone, is used as a coronary vasodilator and bronchodilator (233). Derivatives of khellin are effective local anesthetics and antiarrythmics (234). Similarly, amine derivatives (68) that are prepared from khellinone oxime (66) exhibit hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, cardiac analeptic, diuretic, and antiulcerous activity (235) (see Analgesics, antipyretics, and antiinflammatory agents). 

Oxolamine [959-14-8] (57) is sold in Europe. It is an oxadiazole, and its general pharmacological profile is described (81). The compound possesses analgesic, antiinflammatory, local anesthetic, and antispasmodic properties, in addition to its antitussive activity. Although a central mechanism may account for some of the activity, peripheral inhibition of the cough reflex may be the dominant effect. The compound has been shown to be clinically effective, although it is less active than codeine (82,83). The synthesis of oxolamine is described (84). 

Pharmacological intervention NSAIDs, local anesthetics, opioid analgesics, sodium-channel blockers Opioid analgesics, NSAIDs, calcium-channel blockers ... 

ATC C05AD05 N01BA02 S01HA05 Use local anesthetic, analgesic, geriatric... 

Are the analgesic effects of PCP due to its local anesthetic properties or actions at sigma or perhaps mu receptors ... 

Epidural analgesia is frequently used for lower extremity procedures and pain (e.g., knee surgery, labor pain, and some abdominal procedures). Intermittent bolus or continuous infusion of preservative-free opioids (morphine, hydromorphone, or fentanyl) and local anesthetics (bupivacaine) may be used for epidural analgesia. Opiates given by this route may cause pruritus that is relieved by naloxone. Adverse effects including respiratory depression, hypotension, and urinary retention may occur. When epidural routes are used in narcotic-dependent patients, systemic analgesics must also be used to prevent withdrawal since the opioid is not absorbed and remains in the epidural space. Doses of opioids used in epidural analgesia are 10 times less than intravenous doses, and intrathecal doses are 10 times less than epidural doses (i.e., 10 mg of IV morphine is equivalent to 1 mg epidural morphine and 0.1 mg of intrathecally administered morphine).45... 

Intrathecal (intraspinal into 1-4 24-28 gauge Must be isotonic Local anesthetics, analgesics ... 

O-acyl derivatives thereof have shown potent vasodilatory activity [8]. A number of other hetisine alkaloids have shown diverse biological activities. These include nominine [9] (1) (local anesthetic, anti-inflammatory, and antiarrhythmic), hetisine [9a] (4) (hypotensive), ignavine [10] (5) (analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, sedative, antidiuretic), zeravshanisine [9a] (8) (antiarrhythmic and local anesthetic), and tadzhaconine [9a, 11], (9) (antiarrhythmic) (Chart 1.3). 

This subsection is devoted to the metabolic reactivity of the amide bond in anilides, i.e., compounds whose amino moiety is attached to an aromatic ring. Based on the nature of the acyl moiety, a number of classes of anilides exist, three of which are of particular interest here, namely arylacetamides, acylani-lides, and aminoacylanilides. The first group contains several analgesic-antipyretic drugs, the second A4-acyl derivatives of sulfonamides, and the third a number of local anesthetics. Particular attention will be paid to structure-metabolism relationships in the hydrolysis of these compounds. Cases where hydrolysis leads to toxification will be summarized in the last part of the chapter. 

Mechanism of Action An anticholinergicthat relaxes detrusor and other smooth muscle by cholinergic blockade, counteracting muscle spasm in the urinary tract, Thera-peuticEffect Produces anticholinergic, local anesthetic, and analgesic effects, relieving urinary symptoms. 

Recovery is sufficiently rapid with most intravenous drugs to permit their use for short ambulatory (outpatient) surgical procedures. In the case of propofol, recovery times are similar to those seen with sevoflurane and desflurane. Although most intravenous anesthetics lack antinociceptive (analgesic) properties, their potency is adequate for short superficial surgical procedures when combined with nitrous oxide or local anesthetics, or both. Adjunctive use of potent opioids (eg, fentanyl, sufentanil or remifentanil see Chapter 31) contributes to improved cardiovascular stability, enhanced sedation, and perioperative analgesia. However, opioid compounds also enhance the ventilatory depressant effects of the intravenous agents and increase postoperative emesis. Benzodiazepines (eg, midazolam, diazepam) have a slower onset and slower recovery than the barbiturates or propofol and are rarely used for induction of anesthesia. However, preanesthetic administration of benzodiazepines (eg, midazolam) can be used to provide anxiolysis, sedation, and amnesia when used as part of an inhalational, intravenous, or balanced anesthetic technique. 

Aconitum laciniatum Stapf. A. kusnezoffii Reichenbach A. chineme Paxt. A. vilmorinianum Kom. A. pariculigerum Nakai Cao Wu (root) Hypaconitine, aconitine, aconine, mesaconitine, talatisamine. This herb is highly toxic.33 Analgesic, sedative, vagal-stimulation, local anesthetic effect. 

Backonja, M.-M. Local anesthetics as adjuvant analgesics, J. Pain Symptom. Manage. 1994, 9, 491-499. 

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