Anabaena circinalis

Rapid-acting paralytic neurotoxins that blocks transient sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve cells. They are some of the causative agents of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). They are obtained from dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax spp., Alexandrium spp.) and cyanobacteria (Anabaena circinalis). 

L.E. Llewellyn, A.P. Negri, J. Doyle, P.D. Baker, E.C. Beltran and B.A. Neilan, Radioreceptor assays for sensitive detection and quantitation of saxitoxin and its analogues from strains of the freshwater cyanobacterium, Anabaena circinalis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35 (2001) 1445-1451. 

Negri, A.P., Jones, G.J. (1995). Bioaccumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins Ifom the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis by the freshwater mussel Alathyria con-dola. Toxicon 33 667-78. 

Runnegar, M.T., Jackson, A.R.B., Falconer, I.R. (1988). Toxicity to mice and sheep of a bloom of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Anabaena circinalis. Toxicon 26 599-602. 

Anatoxin A is the fast-acting and highly effective poison of the cyanobacterium Anabaenaflos-aquae, which is ubiquitous in freshwater. Anatoxin A, also known as Very Fast Death Factor , was isolated from Anabaenaflos-aquae in 1977 by Paul Gorham at the National Research CoimcU in Ottawa. [553,554] The structure had already been determined in 1972 by X-ray analysis of its N-acetyl derivative. [555] Later, the presence of anatoxin A was detected in a range of other toxic strains of Oscillatoria, Anabaena circinalis, Aphanizomenonflos-aquae, Cylindorsperum pp. and Raphidiopsis mediterranea. 

Negri AP, Jones GJ, Hindmarsh M (1995) Sheep mortality associated with paralytic shellfish poisons from the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis. Toxicon 33 1321-1329... 

Beltran EC, Neilan BA (2000) Geographical segregation of the neurotoxin-producing cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 4468-4474... 

Mihali TK, Kellmann R, Neilan BA (2009) Characterisation of the paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis gene clusters in Anabaena circinalis AWQC131C and Aphanizomenon sp. NH-5. BMC Biochem 10 8. doi 10.1186/1471-2091-10-8... 

A. ostenfeldii, A. minutum, Pyrodinium bahamense, Gymnodinium catenatum Aphanizomenon flosaquae, Anabaena circinalis, Lyngbya wolki [101-103]... 

Pomati, F., R. Kellmann, R. Cavalieri, B. P. Bums, and B. A. Neilan. 2006. Comparative gene expression of PSP-toxin producing and non-ioidc Anabaena circinalis strains. Environ Int. 

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