Ampicillin antimicrobial activity

Fattale, E. Rojas, J. Roblot-Treupal, L. Andremont, A., Couveur, P. Ampicillin-loaded liposomes and nanoparticles Comparison of drug loading, drug release and in vitro antimicrobial activity. J. Microcapsulation 8 (I), p. 29-36, 1991... 

Several natural penicillins can be produced, depending on the chemical composition of the fermentation medium used to culture penicillium. Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) has the greatest antimicrobial activity of these natural penicillins and is the only natural penicillin used clinically. However, penicillin G is not stable it is extremely acid-labile. Only about one-third of an oral dose is absorbed under the most ideal conditions. Therefore, it is generally not given orally but is administered by intramuscular injection. Several newer derivatives of penicillin G have been developed that do have good to excellent oral absorption (e.g., cloxacillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin). 

According to the bioassay carried out on S. aureus Smith, the reduction of the carboxyl group brought about a decrease in antimicrobial activity, e.g. the MIC values are 3-6/u,g/ml for (77al-a3) vs. 0.031 /xg/ml for ampicillin. The azide derivative (78a) proved to be effective only against S. aureus 209 (12 /xg/ml) [135], whereas (78c and d) were ineffective in vitro. In vivo, (78b) in a dose as high as 50 mg/kg was able to protect mouse infected with S. aureus Smith when administered subcutaneously, but was ineffective orally. 

Various parts of M. oleifera are identified for innumerable pharmacological properties viz. antimicrobial activity (12, 134). The juice from the leaves and stem bark of M. oleifera inhibit Staphylococcus aureus but not Escherichia coli (50). The fresh leaf juice inhibits the growth of pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (21, 143). The bark extract possesses anti-fungal and anti-tubercular activity (50). Niaziridin rich fraction of M. oleifera pods enhances the bioactivity of commonly used antibiotics such as rifampicin, tetracycline and ampicillin against gram(+) and (-) bacteria (37). 

The failure of host defenses may be a critical factor in the pathogenicity of enterococci. In immunocompromised patients or patients with valvular heart disease or a prosthetic heart valve, there is justification to provide specific antimicrobial activity against enterococci. Ampicillin or other penicillins that are active against... 

Details are given of the solution polymerisation of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers with surfaces containing functional arrhydride groups of differerrt percerrtage. Ampicillin was bound to the anhydride groups and spectroscopically characterised. The in vitro release rate of Ampicillin was established together with the determination of its antimicrobial activity. 13 refs. 

The antimicrobial activity of carbenicillin, its indanyl ester (carbenicillin indanyl), and ticarcillin is extended to include Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Proteus spp. These agents are inferior to ampicillin against Gram-positive cocci and Listeria monocytogenes and are less active than piperacillin against Pseudomonas. 

Mezlocillin, azlocillin, and piperacillin have excellent antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and certain other Gram-negative microorganisms. Piperacillin retains the activity of ampicillin against Gram-positive cocci and L. monocytogenes. 

What antimicrobial activity is anticipated for ampicillin and gentamicin as used in this case ... 

The antimicrobial activity of cinnamon bark, lavender, marjoram, tea tree, peppermint EOs combined with ampicillin, piperacillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, carbenicillin, ceftazidime, and merope-nem was investigated against p-lactamase-producing E. coll Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values were the results of the trial. It was found that peppermint EO improved the activity of piperacillin against multidrug-resistant E. coli strains (FIC 0.31) compared with piperacillin alone. Also the used dose of meropenem can be reduced when combined with peppermint oil (FIC 0.26) (Xi Yap et ah, 2013). 

Yu HH, Kim KJ, Cha JD, Kim HK, Lee YE, Choi NY, You YO (2005) Antimicrobial activity of berberine alone and in combination with ampicillin or oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Food 8(4) 454-461... 

Cellulose has been converted into more reactive forms by chelation with titanium(m), iron(ni), tin(iv), vanadium(m), and zirconium(iv) salts. The unsubstituted ligands of the bound metals could be replaced by electron-donating groups of antibiotics e,g. ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, paro-mycin, etc.) to yield materials possessing antimicrobial activity the original chelated celluloses were inactive. The chelation procedure offers an easy way of rendering cellulose more resistant to microbial attack than that afforded by non-covalent adsorption of the antibiotic. 

Kyung KH, Lee YC (2001) Antimicrobial activities of sulfur compounds derived from S-alk (en) yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides in Allium and Brassica. Food Rev Int 17 183-198 Lee YS, Kang OH, Choi JG, Oh YC, Keum JH, Kim SB, Jeong GS, Kim YC, Shin DW, Kwon DY (2010) Synergistic effect of emodin in combination with ampicillin or oxacillin against methicUlin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharm Biol 48 1285-1290 Li Y, Du Y, Zou C (2009) Effects of pH on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of tea saponins. Eur Food Res Technol 228 1023-1028... 

Another acylated ampicillin derivative with expanded antimicrobial spectrum is piperacil1 in (19). Its synthesis begins with 1-ethyl-2,3-diketopiperazine (j7, which itself is made from ]i-ethylethylenediamine and diethyl oxalate), which is activated by sequential reaction with trimethylchlorosilane and then trichloromethyl chioroformate to give This last... 

Approximately 30% to 40% of H. influenzae are ampicillin resistant. For this reason, many clinicians use a third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) for initial antimicrobial therapy. Once bacterial susceptibilities are available, ampicillin may be used if the isolate proves ampicillin sensitive. Cefepime and fluoroquinolones are suitable alternatives regardless of /1-lactamase activity. 

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