Ammonium persulfate treatment

Treatment of (64) by ammonium persulfate in water at ambient temperature is said, however, to give the 2-unsubstituted-thiazole (65) (Scheme 30) instead of the expected disulfide (152)... 

Copper etchants do not directly influence the electroless plating process, but are used merely to remove unwanted copper, and should not affect the deposit properties. The costs of waste treatment and disposal have led to disuse of throw-away systems such as chromic—sulfuric acid, ferric chloride, and ammonium persulfate. Newer types of regenerable etchants include cupric chloride, stabilized peroxide, and proprietary ammoniacal etchant baths. 

Grafting and networking may modify the mechanical, chemical, and functional properties of polymers and enhance their utilization for some purposes, such as for water treatment (Kumar and Verma, 2007 Mishra et al., 2003). Psyllium derivatives were prepared by grafting acrylonitrile onto psyllium molecules using a ceric ammonium nitrate and nitric acid system (Mishra et al., 2003). The resulted grafted psyllium samples were not soluble in commonly used solvents or their combinations. In 2007, methacrylic acid derivatives of psyllium were prepared using ammonium persulfate as initiator and cross-linked using N,N-methylenebisacryla-mide as the crosslinker (Kumar and Verma, 2007). The modified psyllium... 

Before discussing specialty starches for size press applications, it should be noted that the largest volume of starch applied at the size press is either enzyme converted or ammonium persulfate hydrolyzed native corn starch. These are economic considerations and the properties resulting from these treatments do not compare to the properties provided by specialty starches. It is also fair to state that all grades of paper do not require a specialty starch and it is only through the need for improved paper performance that specialty starches are required. 

Oxidation/bleaching Treatment with peracetic acid and/or hydrogen peroxide, or sodium hypochlorite or sodium chlorite, or sulfur dioxide, or potassium permanganate or ammonium persulfate... 

Oxidized Starches. Alkaline hypochlorite treatment introduces carboxyl and carbonyl groups, effects some depolymerization, and produces whiter (bleached) products that produce softer, clearer gels. Ammonium persulfate is used in some paper mills with continuous thermal cookers to prepare in situ bigb solids, low viscosity dispersions. Most of the hypochlorite-oxidized starch and all the ammonium persulfate-oxidized starch is used in the paper industry. The low solution viscosity and good binding and adhesive properties of these products make them especially effective in high solids, pigmented... 

The sample used to study the relationship between the volume phase transition and the frictional property is poly( /V-isopropylacrylamide) gel which shows a small discontinuous volume phase transition at 33.6 °C. The sample gel is prepared by free radical polymerization 7.8 g of re-crystallized N-iso-propylacrylamide (main constituent, Kodak), 0.133 g lV,iV -methylenebis-acrylamide (cross-linker, Bio-Rad), 240 ml tetramethylenediamine (accelerator, Bio-Rad), and 40 mg ammonium persulfate (initiator, Mallinckrodt) are dissolved in distilled water (100 ml) at 0°C. The gel mold is immersed in the pre-gel solution and then degassed for 40 min at 0°C. The temperature is raised to 20.0 °C after this treatment to initiate the gelation reaction. The sample gel thus obtained is homogeneous and transparent, at least by visual inspection. 

Treatment with the nickel(II) complex of the tripeptide glycine-glycine-histidine in the presence of magnesium monoperoxyphthalate Visible light irradiation in the presence of tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) dication and ammonium persulfate Ethylmercury phosphate Fluorescein... 

The first example of this type of a catalytic conversion is indicated in Scheme 42 [123]. This refers to, y-unsaturated esters and amides 261, which, on treatment with an excess of ammonium persulfate and a catalytic amount of diphenyl diselenide, in methanol, ethylene glycol or in water, gave the addition products 262. These, by reaction with persulfate, afforded the y-alkoxy or the y-hydroxy-a, -unsaturated derivatives 263, respectively. 

Dinitrobenzene has been prepared from -nitrosonitro-benzene by treatment with nitric acid from />-nitroaniline by the Sandmeyer reaction and by the oxidation of />-nitroaniline in concentrated sulfuric add with ammonium persulfate. ... 

A double metal oxide sulfate solid superacid (alumina-zirconia/ persulfate, SA-SZ) can be prepared by treatment of a mixture of aluminum hydroxide and zirconium(IV) hydroxide with an aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate, followed by calcination at 650°C. This catalyst can be efficiently utilized in the benzoylation of arenes with benzoyl and parfl-nitrobenzoyl chloride (Table 4.22), giving BPs in interesting yields. Even if 1 g of catalyst is needed for 40 mmol of chloride, the process seems to be quite useful because the catalyst can be readily regenerated by heating after washing with acetone and diethyl ether and reused four times. 

Alternate methods a) Treatment of AgNOa solution with a solution of potassium or ammonium persulfate [H. Marshall, J. Chem. Soc. (London) 775 (1891)]. 

Attack of the 1,2,3-triazine system by an organic radical is used in the introduction of a carboxamide function at C-5 by the treatment of 4,6-disubstituted l,2,3-triazin-2-ium 2-dicyanomethylides 34 (R = H R, R = Me, Ph, Et) with formamide in the presence of ammonium persulfate at 80 °C. Under these conditions, the 1,2,3-triazine is restored by loss of dicyanomethyl radical. The corresponding 2-methyl-l,2,3-triazin-2-ium iodides gave the demethylated... 

Fig. 9.3 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of highly active PANI-based NPMCs. (a) Mixing carbon support particles with aniline monomer and transition metal precursors, (b) polymerization of aniline with ammonium persulfate, (c) heat treatment in nitrogen, and (d) acid leaching and second heat treatment (from [29] with permission from AAAS)...

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