Ammonium compounds, solubility

Ammonium nitrate [6484-S2-2J, NH NO, formula wt 80.04, is the most commercially important ammonium compound both Hi terms of production volume and usage. It is the principal component of most iadustrial explosives and nonmilitary blasting compositions however, it is used primarily as a nitrogen fertilizer. Ammonium nitrate does not occur Hi nature because it is very soluble. It was first described Hi 1659 by the German scientist Glauber, who prepared it by reaction of ammonium carbonate and nitric acid. He called it nitrium flammans because its yeUow flame (from traces of sodium) was... 

Physical Properties. Most quaternary compounds are soHd materials that have indefinite melting poiats and decompose on heating. Physical properties are determined by the chemical stmcture of the quaternary ammonium compound as well as any additives such as solvents. The simplest quaternary ammonium compound, tetramethylammonium chloride [75-57-0] is very soluble ia water (163) and iasoluble ia nonpolar solvents. As the molecular weight of the quaternary compound iacreases, solubiUty ia polar solvents decreases and solubiUty ia nonpolar solvents iacreases (164—166). For example, trimethyloctadecylammonium chloride [112-03-8] is soluble ia water up to whereas dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride [107-64-2] has... 

Surface Applied Surfactants. Antistat agents can be appHed direcdy to the surface of a plastic part. Usually the antistat is diluted in water or in a solvent. The antistat solution is appHed by spraying, dipping, or wiping on the surface. The water or solvent dries leaving a thin film that attracts moisture. Since it is appHed to the surface, migration through the resin is not a factor. In practice, the quaternary ammonium compounds find the most use. They are soluble in water and effective at low concentrations. 

In order to avoid the necessity of adding a quaternary ammonium compound to solubilize the organotin derivative, a number of new, anionic, tributyltin salts of the type (RsR P)" (BuaSnClt) , where R = Ri = "Bu or Ph R = Ph, R = Bz, were prepared (440, 536). Although these contain discrete, trigonal, bipyrEimidal tributyldichloro-stannate anions (440), their solubility in water was found to be very low. 

Catalytic elfects on the thermal decomposition and burning under nitrogen of the nitrate were determined for ammonium dichromate, potassium dichromate, potassium chromate, barium chloride, sodium chloride and potassium nitrate. Chromium(VI) salts are most effective in decomposition, and the halides salts during burning of the nitrate [1]. The effect of chromium compounds soluble in the molten nitrate, all of which promote decomposition of the latter, was studied (especially using ammonium dichromate) in kinetic experiments [2],... 

Theory As pure adrenaline is sparingly soluble in distilled water, therefore, its solution is made in 1 M hydrochloric acid whereby the N-atom gets protonated and results into the formation of a quaternary ammonium compounds as shown in under ... 

Quaternary ammonium compounds are less lipid-soluble and therefore tend to cause fewer central atropine-like side-effects, whereas peripheral side-effects... 

NIOBIC ACID. Any hydrated form of Nb Os. It forms as a white, insoluble precipitate when a potassium hydrogen sulfate fusion of a niobium compound is leached with hot water or when niobium fluoride solutions are treated widi ammonium hydroxide. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride, and bases. Important in analytical determination of niobium. See also Niobium. 

Of the two possible products, the solubility guidelines predict that CdS, a sulfide, is insoluble and that NH4C1, an ammonium compound, is soluble. Thus, a precipitation reaction will occur ... 

Quaternary ammonium salts of dantrolene and clodanolene have been prepared, and the effect of the organic cation on the aqueous solubility has been reported (Ellis et al., 1980). It was reasoned that since the hydantoin moiety in each drug is weakly acidic, a strong base should be found for salt formation. The 13 different quaternary ammonium compounds were therefore used in the hydroxide salt form. The acid-base reaction proceeded rapidly, and the salt products were stable during recrystallization steps. Of the four salts for clodanolene, the aqueous solubilities ranged from 2- to 100-fold that of clodanolene sodium, on a mass basis. Of the 11 salts for dantrolene, the benzyl-trimethyl ammonium salt exhibited comparable solubility to that of dantrolene sodium. Among the other 10 salts were several examples that yielded enhanced solubilities of up to 1000-fold that of the sodium salt. Twelve of the Lfteen salts successfully demonstrated muscle relaxant activity when administered orally. 

The water-soluble resins are inexpensive, and compared with quaternary ammonium compounds relatively small quantities often suffice to achieve a marked improvement in wetfastness and fastness to perspiration. A disadvantage is a certain influence on lightfastness. This may be lowered by one to two steps on the eight-step blue scale when these resins are used on materials dyed by substantive dyes. Formaldehyde condensation resins are therefore used especially for articles in which wet fastness and fastness to perspiration are important, but light fastness is less crucial, e.g., lining fabrics. 

Alkali is not capable of dissolving native cellulose. Only depolymerized cellulose fragments with a low degree of polymerization are alkali soluble. Certain quaternary ammonium compounds are more effective resulting in full solubility, A mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and paraformaldehyde (DMSO-PF) has interesting properties as a cellulose solvent. However, its effect depends at least partly on the formation of a hydroxymethylcellulose derivative. The most important cellulose solvents are metal complexes of... 

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